ESL Learn Some Basic Types of English Questions

One of the most important tasks in speaking any language is asking questions. This article will help you learn  how to ask and answer  questions so you can begin having conversations in English. To help you, questions are divided into categories with a short explanation. Yes and No Questions vs. Information Questions There are two main types of questions in English:  questions that can be answered with a simple yes or no, and questions that require  a more detailed response. Yes and No Questions Are you happy today? Yes, I am. Did you have fun at the party. No, I didn't. Will you come to class tomorrow? Yes, I will. Information Questions Information questions are asked with the question words what, where, when, how, why, and which. These questions require longer answers to provide the specific information requested. Notice that each of these questions are answered with the positive or negative form of the helping verb.   Where are you from? I'm from Seattle. What did you do on Saturday evening? We went to see a film. Why was the class difficult? The class was difficult because the teacher didn't explain things well. Questions With Greetings: Saying Hello Start the conversation with a greeting. Examples include: How are you? (formal)Hows it going?  (informal)Whats up?  (informal)Hows life?  (informal) Practice Dialogue: Mary: Whats up?Jane: Nothing much. How are you?Mary: Im fine.   Using Questions to Exchange Personal Information Here are some of the most common questions used when asking for personal information: Whats your name?Where are you from?Whats your surname/family name?Whats your first name?Where do you live?Whats your address?  Whats your telephone number?Whats your email address?How old are you?When / Where were you born?Are you married?What is your marital status?What do you do?/Whats your Job? Practice Dialogue: Heres a short dialogue giving an example of personal questions. You can use these questions to practice with a friend or a classmate, using your own information. Alex: Can I ask you a few personal questions?Peter: Certainly.   Alex: Whats your name?Peter: Peter Asilov. Alex: Whats your address?Peter: I live at 45 NW 75th Avenue, Phoenix, Arizona. Alex: Whats your cell phone  number?Peter: My number is 409-498-2091 Alex: And your email address?Peter: Let me spell it for you. Its P-E-T-A-S-I at A-O-L.com Alex: When is your birthday?Peter: I was born on July 5, 1987. Alex: Are you married?Peter: Yes, I am/No, Im single. Alex: Whats your profession?/What do you do for work?Peter: Im an electrician. General Questions General questions are questions we ask to help us start a conversation or keep the conversation going. Here are some common general questions: Where did you go?What did you do [next]?Where were you?Do you have a car/house/children/etc. ?Can you play tennis/golf/football/etc.?Can you speak another language? Practice Dialogue: Kevin: Where did you go last night?Jack: We went to a bar and then out on the town. Kevin: What did you do?Jack: We visited a few clubs and danced. Kevin: Can you dance well?Jack: Ha ha. Yes, I can dance! Kevin: Did you meet anyone?Jack: Yes, I met an interesting Japanese woman. Kevin: Can you speak Japanese?Jack: No, but she can speak English! Shopping Here are some common questions that will help you when you go shopping.   Can I try it on?How much does it cost?/How much is it?Can I pay by credit card?Do you have something bigger/smaller/lighter/etc.?   Practice Dialogue: Shop Assistant:  How can I help you?/May I help you?Customer: Yes. Im looking for a sweater like this one, but in a smaller size. Shop Assistant: Here you go. Customer: May  I try it on?Shop Assistant: Sure, the changing rooms are over there. Customer:  How much does it cost?Shop Assistant:  Its $45. Shop Assistant:  How would you like to pay?Customer:  Can I pay by credit card? Shop Assistant:  Certainly. We accept all major cards. Using Like to Ask Questions Questions with like  are very common, but they can be a little confusing. Here is an explanation of each type of question with like. What do you like? Use this question to ask about hobbies, likes and dislikes in general. What does he look like? Ask this question to learn about the physical characteristics of a person. What would you like? Ask this question to find out what someone wants at the moment of speaking. What is she like? Ask this question to learn about a person's character. Practice Dialogue: John: What do you like doing in your spare time?Susan: I like hanging out downtown with my friends. John: What does your friend Tom look like?Susan: Hes tall with a beard and blue eyes. John: What is he like?Susan: Hes very friendly and really intelligent.   John: What would you like to do now?Susan: Lets go hang out with Tom! Once you understand these questions, try testing your knowledge by taking this Understanding Basic Questions in English quiz.

How The Internet Has Changed The World - 1506 Words

Since its early beginnings, the internet was destined to change the world in ways we never thought were possible. At our fingertips, we have access to an immeasurable amount of resources wherever and whenever we desire it. Need new clothes but don’t feel like scrambling through other shoppers at the mall? Just go on your retailer’s website and shop from there. Undecided on what to cook for dinner? The choices are endless with many recipes to choose from online, possibly with a tutorial. Need your voice to be heard on a global platform where millions a people can see it? Just open your laptop or grab your cellphone. Everyone from politicians to celebrities use the internet to get their messages across to the masses. The great thing about†¦show more content†¦In the beginning, he starts off by showing a dated AOL commercial to state the idea that the internet was put in place to make life better. â€Å"The internet has become integral to modern life, but unfortunately, it has also become a haven for harassment† (Oliver 2:04), this was said immediately after the AOL ad finished. This sentence alone switched the tone from comedic to a bit more concerning and a bit enraging. As the show continues, he provides examples of women who have been victim of online threats, abuse, and even revenge porn. He maintains an assertive tone not only to show the audience how serious of an issue this is to himself, but why it should be for anybody who uses the internet. â€Å"A whole new way to wreck their lives,† (Oliver 6:14) and â€Å"devastating,† are just a few of the word choices he uses for his argument. To brighten up the mood a bit, he also uses funny analogies like the one where he compares police not knowing how a suspect uses twitter to harass, to a police officer not knowing how a suspect used water to drown someone (Oliver 6:09). A reoccurring point Oliver keeps mentioning is the involvement of the law in these situations. He mentions that, â€Å"we’re going to need some new laws† (Oliver 12:04). Not only does Oliver state that it is a legal issue, but a community issue overall. â€Å"It comes down to us, to fundamentally change the way we think about the internet† (Oliver 13:55). Oliver reveals that his intendedShow MoreRelatedHow The Internet Has Changed The World852 Words   |  4 Pagestelephone, watching television and through print, information has traveled around the world. The Internet has been used for business to have access to the newest information. However, having new product developments and technological advance can help improve business s products and compete with other companies. Since the Internet has become popular, the way small businesses exchange information has changed drastically. Now, because of the Internet, businesses can now email; do online videoconference; documentRead MoreHow The Internet Has Changed The World2007 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction The internet is a constantly expanding network of knowledge that has changed the way we see the world in a very short period of time. The first prototype of the internet came into being in the late 1960s, and the World Wide Web did not exist until 1990. (History.com 2013) In less than sixty years, the internet has revolutionized the way that people live. So much of our daily lives involves being online, including work, school, keeping up with current news events, or a sense of communityRead MoreHow the Internet Has Changed World Culture584 Words   |  2 Pagesï » ¿How the Internet has changed world culture ¦ Thirty years or so ago, the average American would be hard-pressed to name a single Korean pop star. Today, the South Korean singing sensation Psy is world-famous, thanks to the rather random fact that his catchy tune Gangnam Style was a YouTube sensation, garnering millions of hits from users all around the globe. The song spawned multiple Internet parodies and even earned Psy a lucrative Superbowl advertisement contract as the spokesperson forRead MoreThe Internet Benefits The Human Race993 Words   |  4 PagesThe internet is the one of the greatest things ever invented. The internet has unlimited amounts of information, no matter what topic, there is an answer for it. The internet benefits the human race because there is no limit to how much we can learn. It can also be used to help in our daily schedule. For instance, if someone is fixing their car and they don t know how to fix it, they can go on the internet and find out how to fix it. The internet has changed the way we view the world. It has changedRead MoreThe world that I am growing up in is extremely different than the one that my parents grew up in,700 Words   |  3 Pages The world that I am growing up in is extremely different than the one that my parents grew up in, and a major reason for that is the advancements of the internet. The internet has gone from an unthinkable luxury to an everyday necessity. This advancement has changed the way we think, work, and act as humans. When thinking about specific ways that the internet has changed the world, the first thing that comes to mind is the way we receive information. Nowadays everything that you need to know isRead MoreThe Impact of Technology on Business Essay1069 Words   |  5 PagesThe computer has introduced the world to the internet. The internet has brought us into a new age of development. Through computer technology and internet development, business are rapidly developing and at the same speed changing. The introduction of computers has given business an interesting upper hand by supplying companies with endlessly amounts of information. The Computer age, also known as, the Information age developed an environment of free flowing information. Between theRead MoreInternet Impact On The Internet866 Words   |  4 PagesThe internet is the newest mass media and has the potential to change human society. It has given us the ability to access almost all of human knowledge in an instant. It has also allowed the constant connection between friends and family. As technologies go it may well be the most influential in human history. The internet is one of the most impactful technologies in human history as presented in The Shallows by Nicholas Carr, specifically because of its speed, interconnectivity, and its impactsRead MoreThe Influence Of The Internet On Society901 Words   |  4 Pagessociety has benefited from the advancement in technology. For example the wheel made it e asier to travel long distances with heavy items and the invention of antibiotics saved millions of lives from infections. Today, technology is used on a regular basis, from the cars that we use to drive to work, to the electricity that powers our tv, radio, and lights. By looking at what we have accomplished, technology has greatly influenced society. If you were to ask me what piece of technology has greatlyRead MoreThe Internet: Changing The Way We Communicate Essay1018 Words   |  5 PagesThe internet has changed the way we communicate The internet is the easier way for people to communicate with each other. It has made the world smaller by bringing people together everywhere and any time. This invention has important tools for people to contact and it has changed their way of communication in today busy world. In fact people are becoming totally dependent on the internet as a way of communication in their daily life, business and work. The limitation of old communication toolsRead MoreThe Impact of the internet and world wide web on society886 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿How the internet and World Wide Web have impacted society General purpose: To inform the audience Specific purpose: To inform my audience of the advantages and disadvantages of the impact of the internet and World Wide Web on society. Thesis: The impact of the internet and World Wide Web has changed society in many ways, such as it effected how we communicate, web accessibility and shaped technological innovation. Introduction I. Before the internet was created, it was an idea by

Re-Discovering Myself Free Essays

Discovering Myself After I Thought I Already Had†¦ When I was about twelve years old I began to really come into myself. That’s about the time I realized that my mom was my best friend, and someone I could approach with anything, instead of viewing her as just a parental figure whose only mission in life was to tell me what to do. Her and I bonded and talked about everything and anything; we had no boundaries. We will write a custom essay sample on Re-Discovering Myself or any similar topic only for you Order Now I know that if it weren’t for that turn of events, I would not be who I am right now.I’ve always been sure of my opinions and of my decisions, so I’ve always been very comfortable opening up to people, but I didn’t come into my own until I came to high school. All of a sudden I was thrown into a whole new experience. I joined the drama club and met the most amazing people I have ever, and most likely will ever meet in my life. I began to feel more comfortable with myself, and began to open up. By second semester I began dating Brett†¦ I was crazy about him. He was charming, and acted as if I held the key to his world.I always felt so special around him. His family welcomed me into their family immediately. We spent two years and nine months together, the first 2 years and six months or so were complete bliss. I felt like I had everything figured out. I knew who I was; I was Brett’s girlfriend, a good friend and a singer. I knew that I wanted to go to college with Brett, move in, get married, and have a white picket fence with a hobby farm and three kids. I thought I knew myself and that I was done for the most part.I was ready to settle into my life and grow up†¦ I was wrong. Our last few months together occurred during my first couple months of my senior year. He went off to college and embraced it, as he deserved to do. I stayed behind and began my senior year. I was uncomfortable because I felt alone. Most of my friends had graduated along with Brett. I had friends in my grade but for the most part I knew that for the past three years no one knew me as Nadine, the great friend, or the singer, they knew me as the girl dating Brett.They knew me as the quiet girl that had been dating that one guy for forever. Once I was alone, I began to realize that maybe that was how I viewed myself too. I realized that maybe I had made Brett’s and my relationship too much of my identity. I began thinking and I realized that there was still so much more to me, and that I wanted everyone to see it. During the two months I spent in school alone, I noticed how easily I got along with everyone, and that I could hold my own.I started to realize what I wanted for myself instead of what I wanted for us, and I realized some scary things. I realized that I wanted new experiences†¦ and that over the last few months somewhere along the way I had fallen out of love and moved on. I realized that I had merely been comfortable so I over looked all the screaming and fighting he and I did. I wanted my picket fence dream to come true so desperately that now, looking back I realize that I had simply put up blinders and focused on the little good we had left. ..On top of all that, certain events occurred with his family that pushed me to make a decision faster during the last couple months but, none the less, I broke things off and decided that it was up to me to make myself happy, and that I deserved to live my life for me. It was such a strange realization to have. I knew months before we broke up that I was going to break up with him. I had tried a few times before, but every time he’d get so upset that it would scare me so I’d take it back all the while I had moved on or was moving on. By the time we broke up I was fine. I was hurt because he was upset, but in my heart and in my head our relationship was over two months before it actually was, when his family turned on me as he watched†¦ I thought that once we broke up my stress would be gone, and for the most part it was, I felt so much better, but there was still one thing left. Over the last couple weeks I had developed feelings for another guy. Sure, in my head I can easily rationalize that I was over Brett, but no one other than my family and my closest friends knew that so how was I supposed to respond? What was appropriate?Would I seem like a total slut if I just started dating this new, amazing guy? Kevin is†¦ wonderful. Just talking to him or seeing the way he looks at me makes me melt and relieves all my stress. He told me that if it took two months before we started dating he was perfectly fine with it, on top of that, he said that even if he waited two months and I decided then that I didn’t want to date him, he would be sad but he would support me because he just wanted me around as his friend at least because he cared about me, and because it helped him to talk to me (his life hasn’t exactly been a walk in the park).I felt like I could be and do anything around him and he would still think that I was fantastic. I told him that I wanted to wait a while before I dated because I didn’t want to seem like â€Å"that girl†. He said ok and we were great with that for a while. He’d walk me to class and give me a hug before he left. Things stayed like that until we were alone working in the music library. I was feeling stressed so I walked up to him and put my forehead on his shoulder. When I pulled back, he kissed me. I thought that I would panic, but I didn’t, actually quite the opposite†¦ I kissed him back.I wasn’t thinking about Brett or what other people in school might think; in fact I had forgotten that life existed outside of the music library. I just thought about him and me, and how I felt at that moment. I finally felt good. For the first time in months, I felt relaxed and happy. He pulled away and looked at me, he looked nervous, almost like he expected what I had originally expected, but I was fine and I think he saw that because then he kissed me on the forehead and pulled me in for another hug.I told him that we could hold hands in the hallway but that I didn’t want any PDA in the hallways. He said ok and everything was perfect until I left the library and remembered the rest of the world. My mind started racing and I started to worry about what everyone else thought. We walked out to his bus and we had to wait because it was late. He put his arms around my shoulders and kissed my forehead again. That’s when I realized that no one else’s opinion mattered. I was happy, finally, so why not? A friend asked me if we were dating and I wasn’t sure so I said so, but that I felt good about it.Yeah, I got a weird look and for a second I was nervous but then I walked back over to Kevin and he put his arm around me. I realized that my friends are my friends and they love me. Yes they’d probably be nervous because it’s not like me to do this, but none-the-less they’d support me. Ever since then I’ve been happy and comfortable. I learned that I should be proud of who I am and of my decisions, and that that shouldn’t change because I broke up with someone because I define me not a relationship and I’ll never make that mistake again. If Kevin and I work out, fantastic.I’m already crazy about him, but if at any point I find that I’m not happy anymore, I’ll know what I’ll have to do. I need to take care of my heart before I can take good care of someone else’s. More has happened this quarter other than my complicated love life. I’ve made so many new friends. I’ve gained so much more confidence this quarter. Again, I’ve learned that I should be proud of who I am, and that anyone who doesn’t like me, isn’t worth my energy. I’ve always known that but I’ve never backed up that belief with my actions. It was always one of those â€Å"easier said than done† sort of things.I’ve started making other friends and joking around with people I never would have been comfortable doing so with before, and guess what? They joke back, we have fun, and low and behold I was worried about nothing. I’m really coming into my own and it’s only first quarter. I love English class this year. I love that I haven’t proof read a word of this paper yet. I’m just thinking and typing. Later I’ll proof read for grammatical errors but I won’t change anything, because this year I’m able to write my paper like I’m sitting down with you and just talking like I’m used to doing.I always pour my heart out into these papers because I know that you understand. It’s almost therapeutic. I can get my stress or my worries out on paper and then feel completely relaxed afterward. I’ve decided that if I’m not emotionally affected by what I’m writing in these papers, I’m not writing it very well. I also love that if I want to add a cute clip art you’ll smile and find it cute and not take points off. I love that there are people in my English class that I used to feel shy around but now I feel like it’s nothing.I can goof off with Ayla an act like an idiot and if their watching, great, I hope I’m entertaining them. My mind set is so much healthier this year. I love how everyone bands together to help everyone with their projects, or to give advice when someone’s upset. We’re like a support system. This paper is so personal, but at the same time, if anyone in the class were to read this I’d feel fine because everyone would be supportive. If you were to randomly say, â€Å"Nadine, what song is in your head, sing it. † I’d have a quick flash of shyness, purely out of being put on the spot but I would get up and do it.I love how my stress is gone. I feel so much lighter and happier. Everyone seems to notice it, even my co-worker, Will and he at the time didn’t even know what was going on with me. I finished the school year last year knowing exactly who Nadine Pamela Gianopoulos was and then during the summer, somewhere along the way I lost myself. I spent a lot of time during the whole Brett situation brooding over everything to the point where I’d make myself sick. I’d worry so much at night that in the morning I’d be dizzy and get sick or I’d briefly black out a work.Alarm bells were sounding in my head so I took the blinders off and found myself again. I’m not perfect, I still worry to a degree about what people think when they see me with Kevin, but I’m getting better. This is all new to me and all considering, I’m proud of myself. I feel as though I’ve found myself again and I know where I stand. I know that I’m happy, that I’m healthy, and that I am comfortable with myself. That’s all I can ask for. I’m ready to enjoy my senior year and to let things play out the way they’re meant to. Nadine Gianopoulos How to cite Re-Discovering Myself, Papers

Professional and the Ethical Issues

Question: Describe about the Professional and the ethical issues in the information systems? Answer: Abstract The purpose of this assignment is to discuss about the duties of the manager and the controller so that it can ensure the user by abiding the professional, legal and the ethical codes and the regulations through which the information is stored and processed. This report contains the critical analysis of the entire ethical, professional and the legal issues and also how the manager plays the suitable role to avoid these types of the issues. 1. Introduction Information systems raise the new and often-perplexing ethical issues. This becomes more exact on today that because of the challenges which are imposed by the internet to the protection of the intellectual and the privacy of the internet. The process to keep records and also to safeguard the data and the information it involves the consideration of the external constraints, legal requirements and the ethical standards. There is another strategic framework which allows the individuals and the organizations to make sure that both the personal and the professional data of the personnel are stored and handled securely, effectively, legally and efficiently so that it can offer the best probable care. The ethical issues in the information systems are given the new importance with the rise of the electronic commerce and the internet. Digital firm and the ethical technologies create it easier than to integrate, distribute and assemble the information. The other ethical issue which is raised by the information systems includes the setting of the standards to safeguard the system and also the way in the information is processed and stored. In this assignment it is discussed the whole about how the managers and the controllers of the information systems ensure the users which are abide by the professional, legal and the ethical regulation and the codes through which the information is processed and stored. Under the legal and the legislative considerations of storing the data and the information includes under the following headings: National legislation The constitution International legal consideration 2. Critical analysis In the critical analysis it discusses the ethical, legal and the professional codes and the regulations of the process of the information stored. The legal, ethical and the professional issues are closely linked with each other. Under the legal roles of the manager in the processing of the information includes the some of the points which are described below: Privacy It is a common issues for the both internal and the external implications. All the organization collects both the personal and the professional data of the employees. Information such as return and the background and the personal ID information such as account number, social security number, it needs to maintain and access by the authorizing human resources. Systems track this type of data so that it can be secured and also in the some end data must depart from those systems and also be used (Yao-Huai, 2005). Organizations regularly share this type of data with the others through merging the databases which contains all the identifiers (Thuraisingham, 2005). Ownership Knowledge, information and the skills which are develop in the way of working on the projects which can be entangled. In the ownership it also belongs the types of the information belongs to the any of the organization and also what is the simple part of the general knowledge of the employees. The new systems which are built are become completely revolutionary in the design and the execution. In the data ownership it refers the both the responsibility and the possession of the data and the information. By getting the ownership of the data and the information it gets the capability to create, modify, derive and access the both data and the information. Some of the importances of the data ownership are listed below: Alternative analysis to get the improve results Reanalysis to do the verification of the reported results Analysis of the data to check whether the result varying the assumption are robust Some of the issues which are related to the data ownership includes: data ownership policies, data hoarding, paradigm of the ownership and the balances of the technologies and the obligation. Under the paradigm of the ownership it includes the creator, consumer, compiler, enterprise, funder, and decoder, reader as owner, subject as owner and the purchaser as owner. Under the data hoarding it includes the some of the points which are given below: Documenting of the data which can become more time consuming and also costly. Confidentiality of the data and the information. Personal motives to hold back the data. To get concern about the qualification and the other requirements of the data requester. Security, proprietary and the economic concern Technical obstacles in sharing the readable data of the computer, To provide all the materials which are needed to understand and also to get the proper ideas or to extend the research. There are some of the listed scenarios where the data ownership policies are established: Between the industry and the academic institution. Between the journals and the authors. Between the researcher employees and the academic institution. Collaboration between the colleagues of the research. Some of the advancement in the technologies enables the investigator to explore the new ideas of the research, use of the data and also to enhance the productivity of the data. This mentioned data ownership issues serves some of the highly potential challenges to preserve the data integrity (Thuraisingham, 2005). Control The manager needs to monitor that what the employees are doing and also how the technology are used to achieve the purpose of the work for which the whole work is going to be done. Many of the organization manager also started in adding the credit and the background of the check in which the standard reference verify all the data and the information regarding the personnel during the hiring process. Performing these types of the check is the relatively brought in the part with the help of the desire of the organizations so that it protects the data and the information through which the numerous scandals are avoided. Accuracy Accuracy is the fundamental issues of the data. Accuracy is the closeness of the results of the observation. Basically two different types of the data accuracy exist. One is positional accuracy and the other is attribute accuracy. Under the positional accuracy it includes the expected deviance of the geographic location of the object from the true ground position. In the positive accuracy there are two components. These are absolute accuracy and relative accuracy. Absolute accuracy deals with the accuracy of the data components with the respect of the data concern. On the other side the relative accuracy is greater concern of the absolute accuracy. Attribute accuracy is also given the equal concern as the positional accuracy. In attribute accuracy it reflects the estimation of the truth, depiction and the interpretation of the boundaries. In the attribute accuracy the quality components apprehension the identification of the level of purity, reliability in the selected data set. Accuracy is also comes under the legal issues of the manager. The effective decision making is also based on the accuracy of the information and the control of the quality of the information also comes under this so that it can maintain the productivity of the information. As the complex interactions between the larger databases and the systems have been created which downstream the consequences of the errors has become more hugely magnified. So the growing trust on the highly distributed systems increases the potential, error and the cost. Security The internet technology presents the manager with the whole new set of the security measures. The network can be breached, the personal information can be compromised, critical confidential information and other personal financial information which can be stolen from the online systems and also the websites have been locked (Tunia, 2012). Ethics are the issues of the principles for doing the wrong and the right of the individuals, to make the choices so that it can guide the behaviors of the individuals, to act as free moral agents. Through the information systems it raises some of the new ethical questions which are related to both the society and the individuals so that it can create the new opportunities of the social change, obligations and the rights. As like other technologies such as electricity, radios and telephones, information system, steam engines are used to achieve the progress on the social ground but it can be used to threaten the social values and to commit the crimes. If the information system is developed it will produce the some of the benefits and the cost of the others (Tankard, 2012). The other ethical issues are the rise of the electronic commerce and the internet which is given the new urgency. The use of the internet and the new digital technologies made it much easier for the organization to integrate, assemble and distribute the new information which becomes the concern about the customers personal privacy, customer information and also the customers intellectual property. The other ethical issues includes the establishment of the accountability for the consequences of the information system, preserving the values and also setting the standards of the safeguard system so that it can protects the privacy and the safety of the individuals and the society (von Siebenthal, 1999). Some of the o acts which are related to the ethical issues of the information systems are listed below: Computer Misuse Act, 1990- It is the one of the act of the United Kingdom Parliament. In this act it includes the three of the criminal offences in which the first is the unauthorized access of the computer materials which is actually punishable by the 6 months, the second is the unauthorized access of the computer with the intention of committing or facilitate the commission for the further use and in the third or last it is of doing the unauthorized modification of the materials of the computer. Data Protection Directive In this directive of the data protection it includes the seven principles for protecting the personal data which are notice- in it the data subjects needs to be given notice when the data are collected. Purpose- in it tells that the data are only used for the mentioned purposes not for the other purposes. Consent- Data is not to be disclosed without having the consent of the data subjects. Security- data needs to be kept secured from any of the misuses and the abuses. Disclosure- the subjects of the data needs to be informed as who is doing the collection of the data. Access- the subjects of the data needs to be allowed to access the data and also doing some of the correction of the inaccurate data. Accountability- the data subjects needs to have the methods so that it becomes available in holding the data collectors accountable. Freedom of Information Act, 2000- in this act it creates the freedom for the public to have the right of access of the information held by the authorities. It creates the legal right for doing the access of the information. The three different types of the bodies which are covered by the act are public authorities, designated bodies which are performing the public purpose and also the openly owned companies. Some of the ethical roles of a manager are classified in a board way which is discussed below: Ethical framework of decision making ethical problems of decision making for the leaders and the manager arise when they needs to take the decision which involve the moral conflict which is the situation through which the person must needs to choose at least the two equal bad choices, some of the conflict with each other and also when there are the availability of the numbers of the ethical considerations (Sque, Walker and Long-Sutehall, 2014). In such situation, which are more common in the business is that the manager has to that much of the ability to think through the ethical implications and the consequences of the decision thoroughly so that it becomes the best suitable decision which can be made from the given constraints, ethical consideration and the implication (von Siebenthal, 1999). Ethical leadership In the context of ethical role of the manager, leadership is also considering as one of the important quality, which needs to be assessed. Various studies show that ethical leadership is the combination of being a moral manager as well as also the moral person. Now, to being a moral person there is requiring following certain important aspects such as, trustworthiness, integrity and honesty. In order to follow ethical leadership approach individual manager needs to be followed the below mentioned attributes: Face the complexity of the data which are involved in making the ethical choices: by doing the openly discuss of the ethical areas and also the acknowledgement of the complexity of the data. It also involves the others in taking the decision related to the ethical issues. To become a leader who helps the others to learn to take the more responsibilities for making the ethical decision carefully. Dont take apart ethics from the day-to- day business: Leader always needs to make it clear to the employees that the ethics is not the training program. All the activities whether it is client meeting, training program or the improvement management of the top strategies should also comprise the conversation about the ethics. Dont let the negative interpersonal behaviors to erode the trust: to become an ethical leader it needs to expect and practices the interpersonal behavior of the leader. It needs to cultivate the respectful environment through which the person can speak about the ethics and also share the responsibility of the living. Dont think about the ethics which just follows the regulations and the laws: leader needs to take some of the action and also needs to show the stakeholders and the consumers so that it can actively engage the ethical issues of the matter. They must need to prove so that they can commit to the ethical issues regarding the social rights, sustainability and the human rights. Celebration of the positive ethical moments: to be a proactive ethical leader, manager should talk about the positive ethics which looks like in practices as often as they talk about what needs to avoid. It takes time to celebrate the positive types of the ethical choices. Talk about the ethics as the ongoing learning journey: integrate the ethics in the every action of the organization which says everything people do, influence or touch. It needs to recognize that the world is changing constantly and the ethical conduct requires that everyone needs to remain attentive. In the combination of these traits and being a moral person involves the behavior of being open, doing the right things, concern for the people and also the standards of the personal reliability. When some of the decision involving the ethical consideration needs to be made the person with the moral values sticks to the core values, exhibits the concern of the society and the welfare, tries to be fair and objectives and also follows some of the ethical decision making rules (What Is the Ethical Role of the Expert?, 2010). Development of the morality The framework of the ethical decision making for the manager lies on the basis of the reasoning by using the justice, utility, care and the rights. It presupposes to facilitate the decision maker on the basis of the managerial role and also have the capacity to do the reasoning from the decision to make the ethical decision. Reasoning on the basis of the moral decision is relatively on the basis of the post conventional or the high level skills. Some of the desired are laid out in the organization which helps the manager in doing the decision-making roles are codes of conduct which are developed internally and also anticipated to provide the guidance for the manager in confronting the moral conflicts and the ethical issues and the other is ethics and manager of the organization which includes the creating of the shaped vision, purpose and the sense of the meaning which connects the employees of the organization (Small et al., 2012). Under the professional codes and the regulation of the manager it includes the some of the points which are given below (New codes of professional conduct come into effect, 2012): Perform of the duties with the objectives due to the professional and the intelligence care so that it can prevent the professional standards. It needs to maintain the confidentiality and the privacy of the information so that it can maintain the course of the activities unless the disclosure of the activities if it is required by the legal authority (Sueyoshi and Goto, 2012). It also requires maintaining the competency in the respective fields and also needs to agree to assume only the activities which can reasonably anticipate completing with the help of the necessary knowledge, competence and skills. Inform to the appropriate parties with the results of the work which is performed including with the disclosure of the important facts which are not known to them and may deform the reporting of the result. To give the support of the professional education of the stakeholders to enhance the understanding of the management and the governance of the technology and the information system of the enterprise which includes risk management, audit, security and control (Walsh, 2012). 3. Findings and conclusion After doing the thoroughly evaluation of the above study which is related to the duty of the manager and the controller of the information system to ensure the users by the legal, professional and the ethical regulation and the codes through which the information is stored and processed. Some of the findings are given below: Under the legal roles of the manager of processing and to store the data and the information it includes the ownership, control, privacy, security and the accuracy of the data and the information which are processed and then stored. Under the ethical roles of the manager it includes the leadership of the manager which is based on the ethics, development of the morality on the basis of the ethics and the making of the decision which are based on the ethical issues. Under the professional regulation of the manager it includes some of the professional roles which the manager of the information technology needs to follow and also needs to maintain. Under the professional codes the manager needs to maintain some of the duties with the objectives based on the professional and the intelligence care to prevent the professional standards. In the professional codes it includes the management of the privacy and the confidentiality of the information and also to inform the appropriate parties and the disclosure of the information which is not known to them. To conclude the above findings and also the above study this is related to the ethical, legal and the professional regulation and the codes of the manager. Under the legal roles of the manager it tells about the control, security, privacy and the accuracy of the data and the information which is needs to be done in a proper way so that any one cannot do any type of the misuse and miss interpretation of the data and the information which are stored and also needs to processed for any of the legal purpose of the organization. According to the ethical roles and the responsibilities of the manager it discuss about the development of the morality of the manager which is mainly on the basis of decision making and also on the basis of the ethics. Under the professional regulation and roles of the manager it needs to follow some of the duties which are based on the intelligence and the professional objectives so that it becomes easy to maintain the confidentiality of the information. References Atkinson, I. (2012). Accuracy of data transfer: double data entry and estimating levels of error. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21(19pt20), pp.2730-2735. Baumann-hlzle, R., Maffezzoni, M. and Bucher, H. (2005). A framework for ethical decision making in neonatal intensive care. Acta Paediatrica, 94(12), pp.1777-1783. Blokin-Mechtalin, Y. (2010). Multifunctional data acquisition and control system for experimental aerodynamics. Autom Remote Control, 71(11), pp.2455-2464. Carroll, P. (2012). Standards of data protection. Computer Fraud Security, 2012(2), pp.5-7. Donabedian, B. (1995). Self-regulation and the enforcement of professional codes. Public Choice, 85(1-2), pp.107-118. Enck, G. (2013). Six-step framework for ethical decision making. Journal of Health Services Research Policy, 19(1), pp.62-64. Fang, X. and Wang, J. (2010). Sampled-data HÃ…Â ¾ control for networked systems with random packet dropouts. Asian Journal of Control, p.n/a-n/a. Ferrari, E. (2010). Access Control in Data Management Systems. Synthesis Lectures on Data Management, 2(1), pp.1-117. Ferrell, O. and Gresham, L. (1985). A Contingency Framework for Understanding Ethical Decision Making in Marketing. Journal of Marketing, 49(3), p.87. FOUSEK, J. and WASSERMAN, D. (2010). Ethical Issues in U.S. Presidential Leadership. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 40(1), pp.1-8. Gallagher, A. and Tschudin, V. (2010). Educating for ethical leadership. Nurse Education Today, 30(3), pp.224-227. Kalaivani, K. and Sivakumar, B. (2012). Survey on Multimedia Data Security. IJMO, pp.36-41. Kazemian, S. (2012). Comparing accuracy in predicting stock returns between using regression techniques and data mining approach. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT, 6(33). Kumar, K., Sofat, S., Aggarwal, N. and S.K.Jain, S. (2012). Identification of User Ownership in Digital Forensic using Data Mining Technique. International Journal of Computer Applications, 50(4), pp.1-5. Linn, J. (2005). Technology and web user data privacy - a survey of risks and countermeasures. IEEE Secur. Privacy Mag., 3(1), pp.52-58. Marco, C. and Shriner, C. (2010). The ABC framework for ethical decision making. Medical Education, 44(5), pp.502-502. Mohamad, S. (2010). Ethical Corporate Culture and Guidelines for Ethical Leadership. International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, 1(2), pp.151-154. New codes of professional conduct come into effect. (2012). Veterinary Record, 170(16), pp.401-401. Small, H., Kasianovitz, K., Blanford, R. and Celaya, I. (2012). What Your Tweets Tell Us About You: Identity, Ownership and Privacy of Twitter Data. IJDC, 7(1), pp.174-197. Sque, M., Walker, W. and Long-Sutehall, T. (2014). Research with bereaved families: A framework for ethical decision-making. Nursing Ethics, 21(8), pp.946-955. Sueyoshi, T. and Goto, M. (2012). Data envelopment analysis for environmental assessment: Comparison between public and private ownership in petroleum industry. European Journal of Operational Research, 216(3), pp.668-678. Tankard, C. (2012). Big data security. Network Security, 2012(7), pp.5-8. Thuraisingham, B. (2005). Privacy constraint processing in a privacy-enhanced database management system. Data Knowledge Engineering, 55(2), pp.159-188. Tunia, M. (2012). Distributed Social Network - data security. Annales UMCS, Informatica, 12(4). von Siebenthal, K. (1999). A framework for ethical decision making in neonatal care. Pediatr Res, 45(6), pp.897-897. Walsh, P. (2012). Editorial: Health professional regulation. Clinical Risk, 18(3), pp.105-105. What Is the Ethical Role of the Expert?. (2010). Leadership Manage. Eng., 10(2), pp.94-95. Yao-Huai, L. (2005). Privacy and Data Privacy Issues in Contemporary China. Ethics and Information Technology, 7(1), pp.7-15.

My Idiolect free essay sample

Explore how and why your own language varies in different contexts and consider how others react to your speech. During the 14 years of my life, I have learnt to adjust and familiarise my dialect to suit diverse situations through the impact of media, family, music and social networking. Moreover, I have come to pay special attention to the context of where someone is talking and the mode of how they are communicating. I have also gained the awareness of how others respond to features of my idiolect and what to anticipate of them if I alter it. One aspect that stands out to be the utmost dominant in the means of varying my idiolect is social networking. Abbreviations like â€Å"LOL† and â€Å"ROFL† appear to be making their way into everyday teenager dialects around the world including mine. I have noticed that I currently use â€Å"LOL† often to let others recognise when I find something humorous. We will write a custom essay sample on My Idiolect or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What I perceive from this is that I only use this abbreviation around my friends primarily because of the formal and informal parting of my idiolect between my friends and people like my teachers and parents. I think I do this because I consider using informal words with an audience I’m generally formal with, strange and unfamiliar. I also believe I do this because I expect an audience of that kind to object to it since teenage slang is most frequently thought as discourteous and lethargic. Music also impacts my idiolect as I am so exposed to it that it has come to be typical for me to pick up a few words and slang from certain lyrics. One example of how music has influenced me is a simple conversation between me and my sister in which she said: â€Å"You lost my earrings didn’t you? and I answered with â€Å"Oh whatever, YOLO! † The origin of this acronym came from the Canadian rapper, Drake’s bonus track from his album ‘Take care’. It has since been popularized all over the world and people have now started using this term to define when someone is about to do something idiotic. I used this word because I knew my sister would be acquainted with it since the majority of teenagers have basic understanding of slang and abbreviations being used at the moment. I regularly speak to my mother in a more official and basic way thus the variation in spoken language between my sister and my mother is due to me wanting to adapt to the way my friends and the younger generation of my family use the aspects of music to express their feelings. I also used â€Å"YOLO† to strengthen the connection between me and my sister so that she would know that we have a lot of things in common in terms of understanding general teenage knowledge. I do not use slang when conversing with my parents because I know that they will criticize this way of communicating as most parents believe slang makes teenagers sound unintelligent and incompetent including mine. My parents think I should use try to use Standard English in everyday life as practice for when I do specific English exams. They also consider that media in terms of TV shows and the dialectal manner of celebrities have triggered an adverse effect on people my age because they believe that the poor grammar of people from this region is promoted to sound cool and trendy. My parents have confidence in the idea that my vocal language has been substituted with words like â€Å"Totes† and â€Å"amazeballs†. Nevertheless when I indicate to them that I have adapted to using proper and apparently ‘posh’ words from classical books, my parents react positively and praise the use of my language. This goes to show that certain factors have certain outcomes to the way a person speaks and how a person responds to this.

History of Public Relations Essays

History of Public Relations Essays History of Public Relations Essay History of Public Relations Essay Public Relations (PR) results from a convicted and thoughtful communication process that recognizes that favourable public opinion, attention and support is not achieved by accident. It recognizes a great deal of hard work since success depends on ensuring that nothing happens by chance. This is probably due to the inevitable growing complexity of the world and its communication channel and our Ghanaian society in particular. Every organization either provides a service or direct sales of products to its publics. This is regardless of whether the organization is state owned or otherwise. This presupposes that every organization has its own defined publics it deals with day to day basis. This is where PR comes in. According to the British Institute of Public Relations (IPR), PR is a deliberate, planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain goodwill and mutual understanding between an organization and its publics. In 1999 the Institute added another version to the definition which is on reputation – Public Relations is about reputation, the results of what you do, what you say, what others say about you. Public Relations practice is a discipline, which looks after reputation – the aim of earning understanding, support and influence public opinion. Edward Bernays, the grandfather of PR in the USA sees Public Relations practitioner as an applied sociologist who advises clients or employers on social attitudes and action to be taken to win the support of public upon which the viability of the employers and clients depend (Harrison, 2000). Cutlip, Center and Broom (1985) are of the view that â€Å"Public Relations is a management function that establishes and maintains mutual beneficial relationships between an organization and the publics on which its success or failure depends† Ruehl defines public relations as â€Å"Public Relations is what public relations does† â€Å" PR practice is the art and social science of analyzing trends predicting their consequencies, counseling organizations leaders and implementing planned programmes of action which serve both the organization and the publics interest† (World Assembly of PR, Mexico City, 1978) Canfield (1952) in different semester inner do, upholds this perception of Public Relations as â€Å"a social philosophy of management expressed in policies and practice which are communicated to the public to secure its understanding† Philip Kitchen (1977) in his book Public relations; Principles and Practices came out with a revelation that over 500 Public Relations definitions exist; however a number of common themes abound as follows; Public Relations is essentially a communication function but the emphasis is on the two- way nature of the communication process. Public Relations is concerned with establishing and maintaining mutual understanding (goodwill) between an organization and its particular group of people (publics). Public Relation serves as an intelligent function analyzing and interpreting trends and issues in the environment that may have potential consequences for an organization and its stakeholders. Running through these definitions is the fact that, the p ractice is essentially in promoting mutual understanding, rapport and goodwill between an organization and its publics. Such a condition, needless to say is indispensable to the success of every establishment including higher education. It must be noted that this condition is premised on a two-way communication system with both inward and outward activities. An organization must be able to communicate its plans and actions to the public and at the same time, the public thinking and attitude must be communicated to the organization in order to evolve acceptable policies. It is not enough that an organization should have good intentions; it is essential that such intentions be communicated to the publics and translated into concrete acts. It is only by making people know and see concrete deeds that one can build a good public image. The importance of Public Relations practice is underscored by the indispensability of communication in any human setup. However, in spite of this importance in our side of the world Public Relation practice has suffered certain abuses by those who profess to practice it as well as those who are supposed to benefit from its practice. While management seems not to appreciate the importance and its relevance, the numerous publics do not appear to understand it and the practitioners themselves have for most part been woefully incapable of explaining to both management and the various publics what the practice entails. In short the Public Relations profession, its aims and objectives, guiding principles have largely not been understood and appreciated by the public. 2. 0 HISTORY OF PUBLIC RELATIONS â€Å"In truly democratic society everything depends upon the consent of the public† Thomas Jefferson. Public Relations began when people started communicating and needed to motivate others. The idea of public relations as a profession is relatively young. Public Relations is a twentieth (20th) century phenomenon and Edward Bernays often accredited as the father of Public Relations. He played a major role in defining the industry’s philosophy and methods. The history of Public Relations is mostly confined to the early half of the twentieth century; however there is evidence of practices scattered through history. A number of American precursors to the Public Relations are found in the form of publicists who specialized in promoting circuses, theatre performances and other public spectacles. In the United States of America where Public Relations’ has its origin, many early Public Relations practices were developed in support of rail roads. Many scholars believed that the first appearance of the term â€Å"Public Relations† appeared in 1897 year book of Railway Literature. Later, practitioners were recruited from the rank of journalism. Some reporters concerned with ethnics criticize former colleagues for using their inside knowledge/understanding of news media to help clients receive fovourable media coverage. 2. 1 THE FIRST NAMES Some historians regard Ivy Lee as the first real practitioner of Public Relations but Edwards Bernays is generally regarded as the profession’s founder. In the United Kingdom, Sir Basil Clarke (1879-1947) was the pioneer Public Relations. The First World War helped stimulate the development of Public Relations as a profession. Many of the first professionals get their start with the â€Å"Committee on Public Information† (also known as the Creel Committee) which organized publicity on behalf of the USA objectives during the World War II. In describing the origin of the term Public Relations, Bernays commented â€Å"when I came back to the United States of America (after the war) I decided that if you could use propaganda for war, you could certainly use it for peace. And propaganda get to be a bad word because of the German’s using it. So what I did was to try to find some other words, so we found the words (counsel of â€Å"(Public Relation)† Bernays was the profession’s first theorist based on Sigmund Freud’s theories about the irrational, unconscious motives that shape behaviour. He authorized several books; Criticizing public opinion (1923), Propaganda (1928) and The engineering of consent (1937). Ivy Lee is credited with developing the modern news release (also called press release). He espoused a philosophy consistent with what has been called the â€Å"two – way street† to Public Relations. It is reported that Kings College (Columbia University) sent out an announcement of its 1758 graduation ceremonies the first anywhere in the colonies – several newspapers printed it apparently the first instance of a NEWS RELEASE. 2. 2 PUBLIC RELATIONS IN GHANA The emergence of Public Relations in Ghana according to Gyan (1991) was characterized by scenario in which Public Relations Officers in such departments as administration, marketing, sales and personnel carried out Public Relations functions. Gyan (1991) further notes that, where the need for Public Relations job offer arises, organizations usually opted for press or information officers usually from the Information Services Department (ISD) of the Ministry of Communication. This had the effect of reducing the Public Relations practice to publicity or press relations thus limiting the scope of the practice in Ghana. Shortly before and after independence, that is between the late 1950’s and early 1960’s the civil service started replacing expatriate principal secretaries with Ghanaians. Multinationals like UAC, PTC, Shell and BP followed suit by appointing Ghanaian intermediaries between them and their various respective publics. Significantly, virtually all these Ghanaians who were given the Public Relations functions came from journalistic background and were therefore given the opportunity to learn some skills in PR practice. Some of these early PR practitioners took advantage of refresher courses to upgrade themselves and later became accomplished PR practitioners. Notably among them were Mrs. Veronica Addae-Mensah, Mrs. Regina Agbozo, Moses Dorvlo Herman Alan, Kafui Asem and Carl Reindorf. They joined the PR profession from other fields. The stigma attached to the PR by the unprofessional approach of some untrained practitioners in the past still remains. Thus in his article entitled â€Å"Public Relations, African’s biggest problem† Santuah Niagia Affidiweh (1998) asserts that Public Relations in Ghana has been reduced to negotiating for canopies for meetings, organizing press coverage’s or receiving delegates for conferences. He summed up saying â€Å"Public Relations in our part of the world is still a serious joke† However, Public Relations practitioners like honourable Kwadwo Yankah, Kafui Asem, honourable Ekow Spio-Garbah, J. E. Papoe Allotey and Ben Antwi have by their sterling performances in the field of Public Relations proved that PR practice has become recognized as a scientific professional and indispensable management tool in Ghana. In a recent study conducted by Wu, Ming-Yi, Baah-Boakye, Kwame,(2008) on â€Å"Profile of Public Relations Practice in Ghana, Practitioners role Most Important Skills† revealed that now most public relations practitioners perform managerial roles and take part in decision-making process. However, public relations practitioners who perform communication technician role do not have decision-making powers in their respective organizations. This result is different from the results of the Gyan(1991) study. The results of her study suggested that PR practitioners’ positions were very low on the organizational chart. However, they are now performing managerial roles and have decision-making powers in the organizations. Comparing the results with Gyan (1991) study which was conducted 16 years ago, we can see improvement in professional status of PR in Ghana. Currently, all state institutions have employed the services of qualified PR practitioners and consultancies to help promote and protect their respective images. Thus the practitioner is therefore a policy person and advisor to his or her organization. 3. 0 HIGHER EDUCATION ADMINISTRATION From Colonial Harvard University to today’s online courses, higher education whether public or private has occupied an important place in the social cultural and political spectrums. It signified citizen commitment to next generations’ future as well as avenue to produce knowledge for current use. Today the long insulated position of higher education like other professions such as law and medicine is undergoing public scrutiny in all parts of its complex operations. Such change from enjoying reverend, unquestioned status to being pushed into high profile arena populated by media, special interest groups, empowered consumers and other vocal entities present new challenges to higher education public relations practitioners. (For example, Students’ reporters/journalists of the Part Time programme often scan the notice boards for news worthier items for publication. ) Because, the historical structure within higher education institutions evolved quietly, often without wide spread public attention, the new demand, by outside groups for accountability might seem like a threat for higher education. For example, it came as surprise to see an article published in the Ghanaian Times Newspaper in 2001, calling on the government to initiate action to investigate the financial impropriety and abuse of power leveled against the Finance Officer and Registrar of University of Education, Winneba. The number of rejoinders that were published after the University had stated its side of the story was overwhelming. That was unprecedented in the history of universities in Ghana. The issue of examination malpractices involving the son of a Vice Chancellor of the University of Ghana, Prof. Asenso Okyere took centre stage in the media circles. A court action was instituted by the University of Ghana against the Daily Graphic, Newspaper. This compelled the paper to withdraw an article published by the paper alleging that 30% of student’s population of the University is HIV positive. This is clear demonstration of media scrutiny of higher education, which had hitherto enjoyed uninterfered running of the universities. The recent proliferation of the press and the electronic media (Radio stations broadcasting in local Ghanaian languages) may pose a serious challenge to the universities in Ghana on the best practices in media relations. Center, Cutlip and Broom (1985) description of closed and open system aptly illustrates higher education transitory state. The traditional close system promise of higher education institutions emphasized bringing internal and external stake holders in line with the organization with little regards for how the interaction of the components parts appeared to work together or conflict, hence the â€Å"ivory tower†. By contrast, the open system promise view external and internal holders interactions as critical to adopting to and flourishing in today’s changing environment something higher education is realising it must do. In the 21st century, emphasis will continue to be on the individual’s responsibility and power of choice for selecting and questioning his or her own health care options, to demanding quality and relevance from higher education institutions. One, the public perception of higher education must be more responsive to the needs of its constituents including being more accessible to different types of students more aware of and responsive to educational costs more concern with relevance of higher education to the market place. The internal structure of higher education is also chaotic, with many different factions balancing their goals with others while competing for resources and visibility, example, graduate education versus undergraduate education, finite and often diminishing resources versus increasing resources, administration versus faculty on issues such as academic freedom nd governance innovation versus traditional course and informal delivery system. In Ghana, for example, it took the University of Ghana, the oldest University, a considerable length of time and political pressures for it to change from the term system (3 terms) to semester system after all the other Universities in Ghana had adopted the semester sy stem. The structure is often compared with multitude of fiefdoms squabbling under the nose of a king. As higher education institutions grew and became more fragmented internally, functions became compartmentalized and seemed to operate without the knowledge of what other parts of the institutions were doing. Warner (1996) detailed the other disjointed developments of higher education as a separate office to deal with media relations, publications video services (most recently) website for external audiences. All of these coexist with internal faculty and staff audience resulting in a plethora of seemingly, unrelated and often contradictory external and internal messages. Now more than ever, higher education institutions not only must become aware of public relations efforts going on in their respective Universities but also must step up and coordinate these efforts within the structures before going out to the external audiences. As Berube (1996) wrote â€Å"the most important thing is that we need to re-evaluate our priorities internally, if we are going to understand how we might be valued externally† page 17. Today, good public relations is vital to the successful functioning of any educational institution. Higher education has been branded as â€Å"two expensive† and suffers from the receiving charge that money is wasted and graduates cannot get jobs. Universities face competition for students and dwindling resources it usually has three charges to fulfill that is teaching, service and research. Many are not aware of the last two, it is the job of public relations to create that awareness. 4. 0 THE PUBLIC RELATIONS ROLES Background The University Relations Office for the Kumasi Campus of UEW was set up in 1996 when the then KATTC was integrated into the University. The main objectives of the office is to provide an efficient, effective and high quality corporate publicity and public relations services to the University of Education, Winneba (Kumasi Campus) including; Production of external and internal corporate communication and publicity materials. Proactive and responsive media relations activities Advise and guidelines to other departments on media, liaison and promotional activities Staging of special events and protocol services to University of Education, Winneba guests Also to enhance the image and visibility of the university through the various functions of media relations, publications, advertising, marketing, special events and strategic public relations planning, for the administrative and academic departments in achieving the university goals. The practice of PR in an educational setting like the universities is similar to that of other government institutions. It is very important that PR specialists be part of the instituti ons management team. Many a time institutions don’t include PR in their management team. Ideally the PR should attend top-level management meetings involving the Vice Chancellor and other Administrators to ensure what we call â€Å"Learning the Whys and the Wherefores of decision made and lending counsel† University and College PR are generally carried out through the public information bureaus. The responsibilities consist of producing and distribution of news releases photographs and special events. The major roles of public relations are basically to analyze, create, projects, influence, sustain, educate and building relationships. The public relations practitioner may operate at the level of manager (sit at management table e. . Deputy Registrar at KNUST) or Technician (implementing). There are many different functions or activities engaged by the public relations practitioner to be able to perform all these roles – whether, in organizational functions such as media relations, and publicity or societal functions such as social responsibility and commun ity relations, the functions are the driving forces behind the way public relations is practiced in institutions. For the purpose of this presentation I would like to discuss the following; Media Relations Event Management Publications/Publicity Reputation building Community Relations Employee Relations Internal and external communications Protocol and passages 4. 1 Media Relations Media relations is one of the key functions of public relations. It is an important aspect of public relations since the media are important tools for effective public relations. Again the media, being the channel through which information is disseminated to the organization’s publics, are themselves a major public of the organization. Media relations is an organization function that is conducted through the media through channels such as, television, newspapers, magazines, and radio. An effective media relations often depends on designing and implementing a well though-out plan. The responsibilities of the PR specialist in such fields include writing and distributing news releases, feature articles and rejoinders to the press and compiling press list, publishing of newsletters, handling and maintaining media information, service, arranging press, radio and television interview for management. Also preparing marketing plans and strategic promotional and marketing efforts are other activities undertaken by the PR. A classic example of good media relations practice was documented in 1999 when Barclays Bank was donating some items to UEW-K and KNUST, the media team decided to have the presentation done on our campus to give us more publicity due to the good relationship that we had established with them. The type of media to use depends on accessibility and affordability in addition to what is their target audience. At times the University has little or no control over the messages in the media, it is the reporter and writers that decide what will be published depending on the angle they choose. 4. Publicity/Publication Publicity is a public relations function to ensure that the University has a strong public image. It can help the public to understand the University and its products and services. From promotional activities to marketing campaigns, publicity is the tool that public relations use to get the word about the University to the public. Negative publicity can cost organizations million s of Ghana cedis and forced out of the market. The public relations section has embarked on a deliberate campaign to prevent negative publicity through coordinated activities with the students and the edia in Kumasi. The creation of the notice board to display pictures of events and programmes are means of disseminating information to the University community through â€Å"News in Pictures†. Production and distribution of newsletters, leaflets, brochures and magazines are some of the activities undertaken to publicize the University. Articles are sometimes written and sent to the media to publish thereby keeping the Universities in the public mind through constant positive publicity. 4. 3 Community Relations The relationship that an organization has with its community can be vital to the success of that organsation. Institutions can interact with the community in numerous ways, from participating in community activities, to putting on events through donations. Successful organizations understand that their relations with the surrounding community is important. Community goodwill must be maintained through proactive public relations programmes in cities and towns where Universities are located. Due to this reason, it makes sense for Universities to participate in neighborhood programmes. The PR department should also serve as liaison between the university and the community and work closely with other social partners in the locality. For instance, University of Education, Winneba –Kumasi Campus has constantly maintained healthy relationships with the Manhyia Palace and other sub-chiefs in the catchment areas, like Atwima Agogo, Asuoyboah, Tanaso and Apatrapa. The naming of one of the two halls Atwima after the district is a vivid example. Occasionally, students, church and other members of the community are allowed to make use of university’s facilities to promote good neighbourliness. The community would be prepared and defend you in times of any problem or difficulty. The introduction of the admission to students from less endowed schools by Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) is clear indication of the university’s corporate social responsibility to the communities. There is currently a proposal before management for consideration on UEW’s contribution to the Best Teacher Awards scheme instituted by the Ghana Education Service (GES) by the University Relations Office. UEW-K is one of the first institutions to pay a courtesy call on the Ashanti Regional Minister when he assumed office recently. 4. 4 Employee Relations Internal motivation is vital factor which attacks the bottom line by building morale, enhancing productivity and creating team spirit. Public relations provides an early warning system by avoiding interruptions which may occur when single surprise issue or unplanned for social/political changes arise. Public relations practitioners interact more with the internal and external audiences than only one else in the organisation. Public relations helps institutions to manage change and ensure smooth transition in the system. Example, whenever, there is change is management, the public relations office informs the staff and students of the change and its implications. Through seminars and workshops the staff and students are given in death knowledge about the University, what it stands for, its structures and policies. 4. 5 Communication Expert The Public Relations Office deals with the management of both internal and external communication. It is responsible for promotion of the mission and vision of the University and also manages and improves the flow of information within the University and between the University and the publics that it serves. Public relations professionals have a role to play in helping management to keep in touch with their various publics because the role of public relations within an organization has become that of spokesperson to management, they actively solicit both employee and consumer opinions and make management aware of the effects of various decision on clients and employees. That is in line with the two-way systemic public relations model by (Grung and Hunt). It is important to realize that public relations is vital not only in helping to secure the universities funding, but also in recruitment of staff and students. We have to make sure that we build that basic awareness of what the University (UEW) is all about. We have to keep in mind that university is a learning community that needs different constituents to join in to make it strong. We are facing heavy competition for those constituents to join other communities. For example, when the part-time programme started, the University Relations Office went round institutions and organizations to inform them of the introduction of the programme by distributing brochures and other leaflets to sensitize them. The challenge for the future will be to continue to become more effective in getting stories out to the media and the public without taking the lecturers’ energy away from teaching or research. The institution of e media encounter and meet the press series are some of the programmes planned to promote research findings and papers presented at conferences and in international journals. Example the Department of Technology Education’s research into the use of oil palm for furniture was given much publicity. Recently, the office wrote a circular calling on the University community to furnish the University Relations Office of such information for upward publication to the University community. Public relations helps to overcome management isolation, something that can affect every organization sooner or later. An inescapable PR role is opening the eyes and ears of management to what is really happening out there (intelligence gathering function). The 1999 students’ demonstration on the Kumasi Campus, students’ reaction to the University’s delay in releasing results on time and the breakdown of the University of Education, Winneba Online Student Information System (UEWOSIS). The office quickly gathered enough and relevant information and advised management on what steps to take to avert agitations and confrontations. 5. 0 ACHIEVEMENTS The University Relations Office of the University has chalked a considerable success in the areas of media relations, communication event management and protocol services. The office in collaboration with the students, staff and management has been able to establish and maintain a very good rapport with the media. This has resulted in the projection of image of the University in media circles. There hasn’t been any negative publicity in the media on the University. Thus the University enjoys good reputation. The university is always in the news projecting its activities, core values and programmes. In the area of publication and publicity, we have contributed a number of articles in the University Newsletter, produced attractive brochures for our part-time and MSc in Marketing and e-Commerce programmes. The brochure covering the Kumasi Campus of the UEW published in 2005 is another classic example. The office frequently issues News Releases to inform the University Community on the events and programmes taking place in the university. We have successfully organized and staged a number of high profile events, like congregation, matriculation, media encounter, congregation lectures, workshops, seminars and orientation programmes etc. Good organizational skills of event management have contributed to the successful organisation of events sometimes at a very short notice. Our concerned for the image and reputation of the University motivated us to make sure that we coordinate all the activities to ensure incident free events. We have exhibited excellent customer relationships among the numerous clients, guests, visitors that do business with the university (both local and foreign). We have provided good protocol services to our guests and warm front desk/reception has always been accorded our visitors. We received commendations for our good works both written and verbal from the numerous guests; example was a letter from Mrs. Quashie-Sam, former Registrar of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, (KNUST). We launched a successful campaign to make the UEW-K become a household name or to inform the Kumasi public of the new status of the Kumasi Campus of the University. There have been tremendous results. UEW-K is now known to most institutions and organizations as well as general public including taxi and trotro drivers. In the areas of policy direction we have written and contributed a number of proposals in the form of memoranda to ensure that we move in the right direction. The introduction of radio lecture and innovative programmes on the Mynd FM has contributed to the projection of very enviable image of the institution. 6. 0 CHALLENGES In spite of the success chalked, the section faces a number of challenges. The greatest challenge is that the University Relations Officer is on 24 hour call without much incentive like allowances. The problem has compounded with the absence of the Principal and Registrar on campus. He is the first point of call and in the event of any crisis he should be prepared to manage it. Limited office space is another serious challenge. There is no privacy to our guests who come to discuss confidential matters. Means of transport is sometimes difficult to come by but thanks to the Deputy Registrar who readily releases his pick up to us for our numerous assignments. The absence of qualified staff with journalism background to handle news and article production is another setback. The delay in procurement of certain vital logistics and in release of funds for programmes is a source of worry. 7. 0 RECOMMENDATIONS We wish to recommend that the Office be upgraded to that of a department to enable it operates fully and efficiently. Acquisition of means of transport for the unit would help us function effectively. Also the provision of new strategically located and spacious office will help interaction with staff, students and guests more professional and diligently.

The Contribution of Academic Research to Accounting and Financial Essay

The Contribution of Academic Research to Accounting and Financial Regulation - Essay Example 1). Despite the contribution of academic research in advancing theory, however, Coetsee (2010, p. 1) pointed out that no comprehensive theory in accounting has emerged. I have used only accounting journals except one which is a journal in management. I believe that the definitions of â€Å"accounting† and â€Å"financial regulation† in the journals have the same standard and the definitions are basically common in the profession. There can significant variations, however, in the area of financial regulation as the definitions can reflect theories on how financial regulation can best be implemented. In any case, the specific definition of accounting and financial regulation follows what the author or authors have used in their works. Some of the authors do not even have a definition of â€Å"accounting† and â€Å"financial regulation†, perhaps as a tacit assumption that there is a usual definition of the concepts in the accounting journals anyway. ... 273). Academic research is usually associated with research that is undertaken for its own sake, something done for the advancement of knowledge. It is different from the other kind of research which is usually described as policy-oriented. Academic research is usually found in journals while policy institutes, government, financial regulators, and consultancy groups usually undertake policy research. Although academic research is usually described as theory-oriented, in accounting it seems difficult to separate the theory part and the parts that are relevant for corporate governance. Baker and Barbu credited the academic community for improving rigor and theoretical underpinning in their research and the said factors contributed a lot in the major step in the harmonization of accounting standards in Europe (Baker and Barbu 2007, p. 273). Between 1965 to 2004, the academic community had an increasing output of academic research related to the international harmonization of financial standards (Baker and Barbu 2007, p. 276). However, the idea of creating a conceptual framework to facilitate accounting harmonization was introduced much earlier or in the 1940s (Baker and Barbu 2007, p. 280). In the 1980s, an important role played by accounting academic research is that the research pointed out that cultural and economic factors play important roles in shaping differences in accounting practices by countries (Baker and Barbu 2007, p. 280-281). Another sub-theme that had been prominent during the 1980s is the role played by history in shaping the accounting practices adopted by countries (Baker and Barbu 2007, p. 281). During the mid-1990s, the arguments towards accounting uniformity played an

Training during global recession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Training during global recession - Essay Example This paper will posit the various views stating why it is an unwise move for the company to discontinue its training programmes. Galagan (2009) views the effect of the economic challenges of 2008 as motivators for greater precision and efficiency in the execution of business strategies. There is a move towards more constrained use of resources, including people. At about the same time, however, there is an accelerating retirement trend among the Baby Boomer generation, creating a skills gap in several organizations. This is apparent in the rehiring or extension of retirees and retirables in jobs that require specialized knowledge and skills, and for which there is a dearth of qualified younger workers. The confluence of forces that bear upon industry’s manpower complement sometimes create perplexing developments. For instance, the grim economy has manufacturers and other businesses laying off record numbers of workers, yet at the same time there is strong, unsatisfied demand for employees that have anxious companies begging on their knees (Cadrain, 2009). According to economists, academics and human resource managers, the causes can be traced to changing technology, offshoring, global competition and retirements. It is thus not a matter of the unavailability of jobs, but the unavailability of the right types of employees to fill the jobs that are open and waiting. Apparently, â€Å"it’s not a worker shortage, it’s a talent shortage,† according to a report by The Manufacturing Institute, Deloitte and Oracle (Cadrain, 2009). In all companies, there is need for particular skills and talents that training can address, even and especially during an economic slowdown. It takes a matter of strong leadership, vision and foresight to perceive the necessity of training, the kind of training needed, and how such training can benefit the company long after the recession has ended (Van Buskirk, 2009). The American

Televised Presidential Debate (10-3-12) Assignment

Televised Presidential Debate (10-3-12) - Assignment Example (2) About how many people attended the meeting? Describe the audience demographics. This event drew an immense number of audience members. Unlike a private event, this debate was aired live, on multiple networks, allowing for, easily, millions of viewers. The demographics of the audience of this event are as diverse as the country we live in. Americans of all genders, races, political parties, and ideologies were tuned in to view this debate. (3) What was the main topic of the meeting? The topic of the debate was announced as domestic policy. Lehrer explained that there would be, ideally, six segments of 15 minutes in length, with 2 minute responses from each candidate. Three segments would focus on the economy; one segment would be dedicated to healthcare, role of government, and the last on the meaning of â€Å"governing.† I choice this event, particularly, because of it is so very important. There are issues being discussed that are so incredibly relevant to the future of t his country that it is an event deserving of critical attention. This is, also, again, the first debate where these two candidates would be debating these issues face-to-face in an open forum. There are a lot of important questions that need asking, issues that need addressing, and answers that the voters deserve to hear. (4) Why did you choose this meeting, and what did you know about the topic before you attended? There is nothing more politically important in the United States of America than when we choose the leadership that we have. Where to cast your vote should never be a small issue and tends to involve many specific variables. Individuals must assess their political concerns; review the prospective candidates, their personal beliefs and views, and ever so much more, before they make their choice. It is all the harder today with the cut throat nature of the campaign tactics, being overused in this election, for Americans to make that choice clearly. The smear campaigns, ult imately, begin to feel like childhood name-calling. With the state that American is currently in, struggling through a continuing the unemployment crisis and continuing and increasing debt, this is hardly the time for games. Choosing the right candidate is extremely important, regardless of your political party. These are the reasons that I chose this particular event. (5) What were the four most interesting things you learned from the meeting? This debate was, in fact, quite interesting. However, the issue that I was most eager to hear addressed was concerning the unemployment crisis. Although, both, candidates have plans for the issue, Obama reiterated the same approaches that he has proposed throughout his Presidency. While Romney offered some fresh perspectives that, definitely different from Obama’s, had a lot of merit. The next topic of importance to me is the controversial healthcare reform, often called, â€Å"Obamacare.† Romney was able to communicate how, not only is â€Å"Obamacare† not the best solution for healthcare reform, as it takes the power from the patient and physician and places it into the hands of medical councils, but, also, how â€Å"Obamacare† directly contributes to the, aforementioned, unemployment crisis.("YouTube") There are many businesses, particularly small businesses, that are less likely to hire new staff members because of the insurance requirements that â€Å"

Mobile Phone Conversations vs. Face-to-Face Conversations

Mobile Phone Conversations vs. Face-to-Face Conversations Mobile Phone Conversations vs. Face-to-Face Conversations in Public Settings: An Annotated Bibliography Margarita Parker Cell phones burst into our life in the early 90’s and became an integral part of the modern world. They are convenient and essential. They are not only communication devices but also our friends who keep our secrets and save our happiest moments. They remind us about important events and wake us up in the morning. However, more and more people find it inappropriate and unethical to be involuntarily involved in other people’s cell phone conversations in public settings. At first, this paper was planned to be designed as a research critique paper on a study found in the textbook. The study I found interesting was conducted in 2008 by Scott Campbell, professor of Telecommunications in the University of Michigan (Campbell, 2014). His study, Perceptions of mobile phone use in public: The roles of individualism, collectivism, and focus of the setting (Campbell, 2008), was mentioned by Keyton (2010) in terms of â€Å"how mobile phone use in public settings was influenced by cultural and individual differences† (p. 45). I located the study online at ECU Joyner Library, read it, and found the results interesting. Campbell (2008) found that â€Å"participants with a collectivistic orientation [are] more tolerant of mobile phone use† in public settings that participants with an individualistic orientations (Campbell, 2008). While reading the study, I noticed that Campbell often mentioned the study by Monk et al. (2004) who found that people perceive cell phone conversations in public settings more annoying than face-to-face conversations of the same loudness. I located this study online at ECU Joyner Library, found it very interesting, and my initial research question – â€Å"How people of different cultures perceive the use of the mobile phones in public setting?† – changed to the other one: â€Å"Do people find cell phone conversations in public settings more annoying than face-to-face conversations?† Thus, I shifted my focus from a study in the textbook to an annotated bibliography. The study of Monk et al. (2004) became as incitement for its replication by Forma and Kaplowitz (2012). Therefore, this study was located online at ECU Joyner Library, read and analyzed carefully, and an annotated bibliography of the two studies was written. Monk, A., Carroll, J., Parker, S., Blythe, M. (2004). Why are mobile phones annoying? Behaviour Information Technology, 23 (1), 33-41. doi: 10.1080/01449290310001638496 In this study, Monk and the colleagues investigate the participants’ perception of mobile phone conversations and face-to-face conversations in public places. Monk et al. (2004) suggested that people might be more annoyed when hearing a cell phone conversation than a face-to-face conversation. They hypothesized that there were a few explanations to it. Frist, they suggested that it could be explained by the content or the volume of the conversation. Second explanation could be the novelty of the mobile connection technology. â€Å"People are used to others having face-to face conversations in public spaces and have learned to ignore them. The mobile phone is relatively new and hence more noticeable† (Monk et al., 2004). Third factor was suggested to be the fact that the one only hears a half of the cell phone conversation thus could not fully understand the content of the conversation. The experiment involved sixty-four randomly chosen participant – a half of them in the bus station, another half in the train carriage. The participants were exposed to the same staged conversation – one was face-to-face and another on the cell phone. The conversations lasted about one minutes. After that the participants were asked to read six statements and rate the conversation one the card displaying the Likert scale from 1(‘strongly disagree’) to 5 (‘strongly agree’). Each of the six statements was analyzed separately to find out â€Å"how the three independent variables, context (bus station or train), medium (mobile phone or face-to-face) and loudness (normal or loud), affect the ratings† (Monk et al.). A three-way between-subjects analysis of variance, Levine’s test for heterogeneity of variance, a two-tailed t-test, and a Mann-Whitney U-test were used to analyze the data. Analysis of Statement 1, The conversation was very noticeable, showed that the participants found the mobile conversation more noticeable than the face-to-face conversation of the same volume and content. Most of the ratings of Statement 2, The conversation was intrusive, were low. Analysis of Statement 3, I found myself listening to the conversation, revealed that the participants tended to listen to the cell phone conversation more than the face-to-face conversation. The participants were not strongly agreed or strongly disagreed on Statement 4, I found the ring tone of the phone annoying, as well as Statement 5, I found the volume of the conversation annoying. The rating of Statement 6, I found the content of the conversation annoying, were low. The findings provide evidence that in general, cell phone conversations are perceived as more noticeable and annoying than face-to-face conversations at approximately the same volume and content. The authors conclude that the study supported one of their hypothesis – cell phone conversations are more annoying because one hears only one side of the conversations that means people would rather hear a dialogue of two people than a monologue on the call phone. One of the advantages of the study is the random selection of participants as well as conducting the study in the real public settings were participants could do what they usually do in this public setting. However, the level of background noise was not taken into consideration. It can vary from very loud to very quiet in the bus station as well as on the train. This could affect the results of the study. More could be done on studying the effect of the context and content of the conversation. The authors of this study refer to Wei and Leung (1999) who found that public transportation settings were to be less irritating than restaurants, schools, and libraries (Wei Leung, 1999; Monk et al, 2004). Thus, the experiment could be conducted in the different public places such as restaurants, schools, theaters, hospitals, shopping malls, etc. in order to ensure validity and reliability of the experiment. The content of the conversation could be manipulated from being very annoying (talkin g to a customer service representative) to being very pleasant (congratulation on a new baby). The study is interesting but quite outdated. As stated in one of the hypothesis, cell phones were perceived as novelty. They were the novelty in the 90s but not anymore. However, the cell phone conversations in public setting are still perceived as rude and annoying. Thus, this study needs expansion as well as replication in the current time. Forma, J., Kaplowitz, S.A. (2012). The perceived rudeness of public cell phone behavior. Behaviour Information Technology, 31 (10), 947-952. doi: 10.1080/0144929X.2010.520335 The authors report two studies on the perception of face-to-face and mobile phone conversations. The first study was designed to find out if people speak louder when talking on the cell phone than when talking face-to-face. 90 participants were found on a university campus â€Å"30 cell phone users and 60 people having face-to-face conversations† (Forma Kaplowitz, 2012). The participants were observed in two public settings – in a food court on campus and in a lobby outside the food court. 30 cell phone and 30 face-to-face conversations were discretely recorder by one of the authors of this study who sat within 1 m of the participants and recorded the average dB level for 1 minute. The analysis of the collected data confirmed that people talk louder on the cell phone than face-to-face. The second study was a replication of the study of Monk et al. (2004). The goal of this study was to confirm or disprove the findings of Monk et al. (2004) that mobile phone conversations in public settings are perceived more annoying than face-to-face conversations. As in Monk et al. (2004) experiment, Forma and Kaplowitz (2012) used two actresses who engaged in cell phone and face-to-face staged conversations on a bus. In some of the face-to-face conversations, both actresses were audible while in others only one actress was audible. Participants were students riding the bus on the campus. After the conversation was over, the participants were asked if they noticed the girls’ conversations. Those who answered â€Å"yes† were given the questionnaire. 160 participants completed the questionnaire similar to the one Monk et al. (2004) used. The analysis of the results confirmed the findings of Monk and the colleagues that people perceive cell phone conversations in public places more rude that face-to-face conversations. Moreover, Forma and Kaplowitz (2012) found that face-to-face conversations in which only one person was audible were perceived even more annoying than cell phone conversations. Both studies of Forma and Kaplowitz (2012) are fairly recent, well designed, the topics are deeply analyzed, and the authors’ claims are strongly supported with evidence. The replication of the study of Monk et al. (2004) included more participants (160 vs 64) that could increase validity and reliability of the study. However, there are some factors that could make the validity and reliability of both studies of Forma and Kaplowitz (2012) slightly questionable as the participants were mostly young students, and the sample did not include people of different ages and occupations while in the original study by Monk et al. (2004) participants were randomly selected on the train and the bus station. Lastly, I would like to mention that the studies conducted by Monk et al. (2004) and Forma and Kaplowitz (2012) based on some of the findings in the work â€Å"Blurring public and private behaviours in public space: policy challenges in the use and improper use of the cell phone† by Wei and Leung (1999). This work deserves a special attention. However, this assignment is limited to two annotations. Thus, I am planning to return to this work in the future. References Campbell, S.W. (2008). Perceptions of mobile phone use in public: The roles of individualism, collectivism, and focus of the setting. Communication Reports, 21 (2), 70-81. doi: 10.1080/08934210802301506 Campbell, S.W. (2014). Curriculum Vitae. University of Michigan. Retrieved from http://sitemaker.umich.edu/scott.campbell/files/campbell_cv_aug_2014_.pdf Forma, J., Kaplowitz, S.A. (2012). The perceived rudeness of public cell phone behavior. Behaviour Information Technology, 31 (10), 947-952. doi: 10.1080/0144929X.2010.520335 Keyton, J. (2010.) Communication Research: Asking Questions, Finding Answers (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Monk, A., Carroll, J., Parker, S., Blythe, M. (2004). Why are mobile phones annoying? Behaviour Information Technology, 23 (1), 33-41. doi: 10.1080/01449290310001638496 Wei, R., Leung, L. (1999). Blurring public and private behaviours in public space: policy challenges in the use and improper use of the cell phone. Telematics and Informatics, 16, 11–26. doi:10.1016/S0736-5853(99)00016-7