Effects of Risperidone in Children with Autism

Effects of Risperid ane in Children with AutismCrystal BranchANOVA denomination CritiqueResearchers complied detailed data regarding two sort outs a sample group and a controlled group of children to study the cognitive do of risperidone in children with autism and abrasive expression. The study employed specific measurements designed to determine if children with autism and irrit equal to(p) behavior have got an increase of cognitive performance while taking up to 3.5 mg of risperidone. Recently a few studies have measureed cognitive effects of risperidone in children with severe behavioral disturbance. Gnther et al. (2006) assessed open-label risperidone in 23 children with fear-deficit/hyperactivity cark (ADHD) and disruptive behavior disorders (DBDs) and in normal controls matched for age and IQ.This was a multi-site probe that was conducted at five medical centers. After being assessed at the screen door visit, participants who met inclusion criteria for the study wer e then reassessed with clinical instruments at baseline and degreeical for the next 8 weeks. So, searchers decided to conduct a double-blind placebo controlled groups on their attention span, how well their verbal learning skills are, diminished or improved surpass/eye coordination, and spatial memory was evaluated. Each of the areas was measured before, during and after 8 weeks of participation. All changes in performance were compared by repeated measures ANOVA.Will the mapping of risperidone in back breakers 0.5 up to 3.5 mg/ solar day researchers want to subsist the apparent movement what the overall effect the drug has the on cognitive performance of children ages of 5-17 age old, diagnosed with autism and that suffer from irritable behavior. The review will show what was used to assess the variables and statistical methods created to decide if the study produced some(prenominal) valid result. The authors want to know answers by research if there are actually any cr ucial effects the drug actually has on cognitive processing abilities in ill children that also suffer from irritable behavior that uses risperidone. Through research and study, the authors looked for answers to this question and set a hypothesis they created around their research study. The authors implied that the postal code hypothesis (Ho) is that there would be no difference in the midst of placebo and risperidone (Aman, M. G., Hollway, J. A., McDougle, C. J., Scahill, L., Tierney, E., McCracken, J. T., . . . Posey, D. J. (2008).The utility(a) hypothesis (Ha) should indicate that there would be a difference between cognitive performance of the sample group vs the controlled group. A total of 38 children between the ages of 5-17 years of age were a part of the sample group, these children have been diagnosed with autism and severe behavior disturbance.Any participants receiving psychotropic medicines before the study went through a washout for at least 2 weeks prior to random isation (4 weeks for antipsychotics or fluoxetine). Cognitive assessments were done at Baseline, calendar week 4 and Week 8. Participants were started at either 0.25 or 0.50 mg with gradual adjustments over the first off four weeks. Maximum dose for smaller subjects (15-45 kg) was 2.5 mg/day, whereas the maximum dose for larger participants (45 kg.) could be as high as 3.5 mg/day (1).As protocol requires during this period as in any clinical study, the subjects did not receive any form of their usual treatment so the effects of any current treatments are eliminated or assumed to be eliminated from their system for the benefit of this study. Instead of immediately stopping and starting any new treatment, there will be a 2-4week time period where the treatment from the first drug is washed out of the patients system.Study participants were manlike and female children or adolescents, ages 5 to 17 years 2 months, with kind ages 18 months who had autism and severe behavioral disturba nce. To be enrolled in the study, participants received a score of 18 on the Irritability subscale of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) (Aman and Singh 1994). In addition, participants must have been rated with a Clinical Global Impressions-Severity (CGI-S) score of 4 by an experienced clinician (CGI-S NIMH 1985, Arnold et al. 2000), and according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of intellectual Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV) (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) a lifetime diagnosis of autistic disorder. The diagnosis of autism was based on a clinical evaluation that include a DSM-IV interview with a parent and direct observation of the participants. The clinical diagnosis was corroborated by structured interview with one or more than parents acting as informants, using the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (Lord et al. 1994).This study has several limitations that management against over-embracing the statistically-significant (and one equivocal) findings. Fir st, given the exploratory nature of this work (there is only one other study of atypical antipsychotics in children with PDDs), we adopted the .05 level for alpha. Had we reverse for multiple comparisons, none of the comparisons would have exceeded alpha. Second, only a minority of our participants were able to perform these tasks. This resulted in (a) small sample sizes and (b) the observation that the testable group had a higher IQ and was older than the untestable group.Despite these obvious limitations, the findings are noteworthy for several reasons. First, autistic disorder is often coupled with a straightforward cognitive disability. Secondly, the significant diversification, indicated by partial eta squared, indicates substantial gains in reconciling skills if upheld by future studies. Next, it is noteworthy to point out that data assembled from several(a) sites under double-blind conditions, which may help to dismiss any individual inspector effects. Finally, the mech anism of any improvement is unknown.

Informatics In Public Health Information Technology Essay

Informatics In mankind Health Information engineering EssayYasnoff et al(2000)stated that effective human beings wellness requires cadencely, accurate, and informative nurture from a wide variety of sources. Not surprisingly, state-supported wellness passkeys progress to been among the soonest maprs of com pointers , other information technologies from which numerous and useful computerized information and surveillance systems have been developed(Yasnoff et al, 2000).A more systematic and informed approach to the application programs programme of information recognition and engineering science needs to be utilized in order to sweep up full advantage of its potential to enhance and facilitate overt wellness activities(Yasnoff et al, 2000).However, OCarroll et al(2002)defined public wellness information science as the systematic application of information and computer lore and technology to public wellness practice, look into, and learning. Public health informat ion processing is primarily an engineering discipline and a practical bodily function ungirded by science and oriented to the accomplishment of specific tasks(OCarroll et al, 2002).How informatics meet or improve public health?The scope of public health informatics includes the conceptualization, design, development, deployment, refinement maintenance, and evaluation of communication, surveillance, information, and learning systems relevant to public health(OCarroll et al, 2002). using strategies and standards, practitioners employ public health informatics tools and prepare to increase health impacts at local, state, and national levels(CDC, 2006).They develop and deploy information technology solutions that admit accurate, timely, and secure information to guide public health action(CDC, 2006).Public health informatics involves the application of knowledge and practice from numerous disciplines that contribute to public health(OCarroll et al, 2002).Advances in public health informatics resulted in public health innovations and added value to interventions by providing the capability for more timely detection of health problems and more complete and efficient health communications (CDC, 2006). Surveillance is an construction of public health that can be dramatically transformed by the application of information technology(Yasnoff et al, 2000).How public health informatics is different from medical examination informatics?The prime focus of public health informatics is on the applications of information science and technology that parent the health of populations while the primary focus of medical informatics is on the health of specific individuals who presents with a specific indisposition or condition requiring diagnosis and treatment(OCarroll et al, 2002).A primary focus of public health informatics is on the applications of information science and technology that prevent disease and injury by altering the conditions that put populations of ind ividuals at risk while whereas medical informatics is on the application of information science and technology for the treatment of individuals who already have a disease or high risk conditions(OCarroll et al, 2002). barroom approach in public health informatics is not predetermined by lord discipline, but rather by effectiveness, expediency, cost, and social acceptability of intervening at various potentially vulnerable points in a causal drawstring whereas medical informatics preventive interventions is within the context of each professional discipline with focus on one or a hardly a(prenominal) points in the causal chain(OCarroll et al, 2002). Public health informatics is not certified to particular social, behavioral, or environmental contexts whereas medical informatics is restricted to clinical and surgical encounters(OCarroll et al, 2002).Public health informatics involves transaction within a governmental context requiring responsiveness to legislative, regulatory, an d policy directives whereas medical informatics involves operation through private practices, clinics, hospitals, with governmental direction primarily in call of quality assurance (OCarroll et al, 2002).References.OCarroll, P,W Yasnoff, W, A Ward, M,E Ripp, L,H Martin,EL.(2002).Public health informatics and information systems. Springer.Yasnoff, W, A OCarroll, P,W Koo, D Linkins, R, W Kilbourne,EM.(2000).Public health informatics Improving and transforming public health in the information age. Journal of Public Health Management cause Vol 6(6) p67-75.CDC(2006).Informatics and public health at CDC. MMWR Vol 55(SUP02) 25-28. Retrieved from http//www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su5502a10.htmTop of Form workweek 1 Introduction to Informatics in Public Health banterIt was not until 1988 that efforts by the Institute of Medicine described public health with a working definition that outlined its mission, components, and core functions, as a result, the focus began to shift from m edicine and treatment of disease to public health and its goals of prevention and health promotion (Schneider 2006). As note by OCarroll (2003), with public health reform, an increase in managed care and the revolution of new technology, public health professionals increased the need of public health informatics forcing the renewal of traditional methods of information storage to the development of technological software.Prior to the event of public health as a discipline, medical informatics was assiduous in various healthcare institutions. Hasman and Haux (1996) described medical informatics as discipline that intersects information science, computer science, and health care to address the storage, retrieval, and use biomedical information for problem solving and decision making. To keep au courant of an ever changing technological society, public health informatics emerged. OCarroll, 2003 noted that public health informatics is defined as the systematic application of inform ation and computer science and technology to public health practice, research and learning (p5). According to OCarroll (2003), it is different from medical informatics because it focuses on populations, disease prevention, preventative interventions, and governmental operations.Informatics is now a discipline that is change magnitude being integrated into the field of public health. The National Center for Public Health Informatics (NCPHI), for example, is one of the national centers of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Started in 2005, the NCPHI in composed of five divisions and seeks to use information technology to aid in surveillance, outbreak response, and laboratory reporting and other aspects of public health. The goals of the center is to enhance monitoring and research and increase real time access to health information. The National Centers for Public Health Informatics although a fairly new have several tools in place to maximize access to health info rmation (CDC 2009). The use of informatics of found end-to-end the field of public health.With the development of new technology, public health informatics seeks to further incorporate new software to enhance the effectiveness and capacity of the collection, analysis, and reporting of public health information. To fully embrace the impact informatics can have on public health OCarroll (2003) claimed that education and training is imperative to decrease the sense of inadequacy among public health professionals and promote the widespread implementation of public health informatics as a discipline.

Analysis of G-Protein Coupled Receptor 12

Analysis of G-Protein conjugate sensory sensory sense organ 12 hookG-Protein couple receptor 12 (GPR12) belongs to the orphan GPCR family which is the same of the GPR3 and GPR6. homophilelogy model for the protein GPR12 was gene hooked from the SWISS-MODEL website which portrayed an every(prenominal) important motif with seven transmembrane -helix interconnected by loops. GPR12 acts through the cyclical Adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) channel and promotes neurite outgrowth in primary neurons which can be utilise to slow down the onward motion of neurodegene sellive diseases. The gene of GPR12 is located in the chromosome 13q12.13 for homo, 12p11 for rat and 5 5 G3 for a snarf with the size of 5.6 kbp, 3.4 kbp, and 4.3 kbp. Four menstruum ongoing clinical trials studies on GPR12 was found on clinicaltrials.gov.G-Protein Coupled Receptor 12 (GPR12) belongs to the orphan GPCR family which is the same of the GPR3 and GPR6 (Ignatov et al., 2003a Ignatov et al., 2003b). G PR 12 family members are constitutively activated and pop the cAMP signaling cascades (Ignatov et al., 2003a). It is reported that GPR12 promote neurite extension in primary neurons (Ignatov et al., 2003a). The chronological sequence identity of GPR12 is standardised to GPCR S1P5 by 34%, GPR3 by 57% and GPR6 by 58% (Ignatov et al., 2003a Ignatov et al., 2003b). Hence, it is hypothesized that the orphan receptors might share mutual ligands and also have similar physiological draws (Uhlenbrock et al., 2002 Tanaka et al., 2007). GPR12 has a high bandaging affinity towards Sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) (Uhlenbrock et al., 2002). GPR 12 also binds with Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) with low affinity (Uhlenbrock et al., 2002). GPR12 family members are always activated and cAMP downstream signaling cascades initiated (Uhlenbrock et al., 2002 Ignatov et al., 2003a). This persistent activating promotes neurite extension in primary neurons (Tanaka et al., 2007).GPR12 belongs to t he orphan GPCR family which is the same of the GPR3 and GPR6 (Ignatov et al., 2003a Ignatov et al., 2003b). According to pierce et al., GPR12 belongs to the GPCRs, Class A Rhodopsin-like subfamily with any different Orphan GPCR receptors ( bird of night et al., 2003).2.1. StructureA search was conducted for GPR12 in the RCSB protein data bank to identify the protein structure of G-Protein Coupled Receptor 12. There were no matches found in the search which is basen in figure 1. Hence, a Homology model for the protein was generated from the SWISS-MODEL website, 27.41% sequence identity was indicated for Cannabinoid receptor 1 (Flavodoxin). Flavodoxin, Cannabinoid receptor one was chosen as the template, and a 3D morphological model was generated for GPR12 from the template which is shown in the figures 2a and 2b. The GMQE (Global Model Quality Estimation) and Q-Mean value for the generated protein 0.56 and -4.28. The generated protein showed an all alpha motif with seven transme mbrane -helix interconnected by loops forming quaternity extra boothular topological domains and quaternity cytoplasmic topological domains. The alignment of protein sequence amid Human GPR12 and GPR12 of new(prenominal) species like computer mouse and rat showed very slight variation which indicates the protein is hold amid these species(UniProtKB UniProtKB UniProtKB). The protein alignment is shown in figure 3.2.2. PathwayAccording to Horn et al., GPR12 belongs to the GPCRs, Class A Rhodopsin-like subfamily with all other Orphan GPCR receptors (Horn et al., 2003). GPR12 acts through the cyclic Adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) pathway (Tanaka et al., 2007). Since, GPR12 is an orphan receptor where its natural ligand is unknown (Ignatov et al., 2003a). When the ligand such as S1P or SPC binds to the GPR12, the G-Protein gets activated due to the binding of GTP (Ignatov et al., 2003a). Thus, G-Protein activates Adenylate cyclase which converts the Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into cAMP, and the cAMP activates Protein Kinase A (Ignatov et al., 2003a). The excited Protein Kinase A activates the cellular reaction such as neurite extension in primary neurons (Ignatov et al., 2003a). Refer figure 42.3. Gene and Evolutionary aspects of GPR12The alignment of protein sequence between Human GPR12 and GPR12 of other species like mouse and rat showed very less variation which indicates the protein is conserved between these species (UniProtKB UniProtKB UniProtKB). The protein alignment is shown in figure 3. The gene location of GPR12 in the chromosomes locus is nearly the same for human and rat, provided it is different in mouse (NCBI-Gene NCBI-Gene NCBI-Gene). The gene of GPR12 is located in the chromosome 13q12.13 for human, 12p11 for rat and 5 5 G3 for mouse (NCBI-Gene NCBI-Gene NCBI-Gene). The GPR12 gene contains two exons in humans, common chord exons in rat and three exons in Mouse separating the intron sequence and the evolutionary association of the gene sequence of GPR12 between the species and between GPCR family is shown in figure 5a and 5b (NCBI-Gene NCBI-Gene NCBI-Gene). The GPR12 gene size for a human is 5.6 kbp, for rat it is 3.4 kbp, and for the mouse, it is 4.3 kbp (NCBI-Gene NCBI-Gene NCBI-Gene Stevens et al., 2013).GPR12 magnetic variation mice showed an effect in their emotionality was moved(p) due to the mutation in GPR12 which was no significant change (Frank et al., 2012). GPR12 overexpressed in neurons upregulate cAMP levels and promotes neurite outgrowth in primary neurons which can be used to slow down the progression of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease, Huntingtons disease, etc. (Tanaka et al., 2007). GPR12 is also involved in the regulation of cell survival and cell proliferation which may vary during the diseased condition which causes astrocytes to grow at a faster rate and results in inflammation (Lu et al., 2012).A search was done for G-Protein coupled receptor 12 on clinicaltrails.gov website which showed four current ongoing clinical trials studies on GPR12. The studies were different from each other such as Platelet reactivity (ClinicalTrials.gov), Stoke (ClinicalTrials.gov), Metastatic Lung Adenocarcinomas (ClinicalTrials.gov) and sick headache (ClinicalTrials.gov).GPR12 belongs to the GPCRs, Class A Rhodopsin-like subfamily with all other Orphan GPCR receptors. The gene code for GPR12 is conserved between Humans, Rats, and Mouse which indicates the existence of similar roles and function in these three animals. GPR12 is still in the stages of primary research where its structure, signaling pathways, function, and roles are still waiting to be found. GPR12 has recently assumed to be associated with uneasy disorders and diseases. Clinical trials have been successfully conducted for GPR12 for many diseases one of which is depression.ReferencesClinicalTrials.gov Is There a Transient Rebound Effect of Platelet Reactivity Following utmost of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy With Ticagrelor a Single Center Prospective Observational Trial. Journal, https//clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02808039?term=G-Protein%2BCoupled%2BReceptor%2B12recr=Openrank=1, January 25, 2017.ClinicalTrials.gov Platelet Reactivity in Acute Non-disabling Cerebrovascular Events (PRINCE). Journal, https//clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02506140?term=G-Protein+Coupled+Receptor+12recr=Openrank=2, January 25, 2017.ClinicalTrials.gov Retrospective Analysis of the Expression of the Neurotensin Receptor by Metastatic Lung Adenocarcinomas (NTS). Journal, https//clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02891733?term=G-Protein%2BCoupled%2BReceptor%2B12recr=Openrank=4, January 25, 2017.ClinicalTrials.gov Ticagrelor Therapy for RefrACTORy Migraine deal (TRACTOR). Journal, https//clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02518464?term=G-Protein%2BCoupled%2BReceptor%2B12recr=Openrank=3, January 25, 2017.Frank, E., Wu, Y., Piyaratna, N., Body, W.J., Snikeris, P., South, T., Gerdin, A.K., Bj ursell, M., Bohlooly, Y.M., Storlien, L. Huang, X.F. (2012) Metabolic parameters and emotionality are little affected in G-protein coupled receptor 12 (Gpr12) mutant mice. PLoS One, 7, e42395.Horn, F., Bettler, E., Oliveira, L., Campagne, F., Cohen, F.E. Vriend, G. (2003) GPCRDB information corpse for G protein-coupled receptors. Nucleic acids research, 31, 294-297.Ignatov, A., Lintzel, J., Hermans-Borgmeyer, I., Kreienkamp, H.-J., Joost, P., Thomsen, S., Methner, A. Schaller, H.C. (2003a) Role of the G-protein-coupled receptor GPR12 as high-affinity receptor for sphingosylphosphorylcholine and its expression and function in brain development. Journal of Neuroscience, 23, 907-914.Ignatov, A., Lintzel, J., Kreienkamp, H.-J. Chica Schaller, H. (2003b) Sphingosine-1-phosphate is a high-affinity ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor GPR6 from mouse and induces intracellular Ca2+ release by activating the sphingosine-kinase pathway. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communica tions, 311, 329-336.Lu, X., Zhang, N., Meng, B., Dong, S. Hu, Y. (2012) pastime of GPR12 in the regulation of cell proliferation and survival. Mol Cell Biochem, 366, 101-110.NCBI-Gene Gpr12 G-protein coupled receptor 12 Mus brawn (house mouse) Gene NCBI. Journal, https//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/14738, January/25/2017.NCBI-Gene GPR12 G protein-coupled receptor 12 Homo sapiens (human) Gene NCBI. Journal, https//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2835, January/25/2017.NCBI-Gene Gpr12 G protein-coupled receptor 12 Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) Gene NCBI. Journal, https//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/80840, January/25/2017.Stevens, R.C., Cherezov, V., Katritch, V., Abagyan, R., Kuhn, P., Rosen, H. Wuthrich, K. (2013) The GPCR Network a large-scale collaboration to determine human GPCR structure and function. Nat Rev Drug Discov, 12, 25-34.Tanaka, S., Ishii, K., Kasai, K., Yoon, S.O. Saeki, Y. (2007) nervous expression of G protein-coupled receptors GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12 up-regulates cyc lic AMP levels and promotes neurite outgrowth. J Biol Chem, 282, 10506-10515.Uhlenbrock, K., Gassenhuber, H. Kostenis, E. (2002) Sphingosine 1-phosphate is a ligand of the human gpr3, gpr6 and gpr12 family of constitutively active G protein-coupled receptors. Cellular signalling, 14, 941-953.UniProtKB GPR12 G-protein coupled receptor 12 Homo sapiens (Human) GPR12 gene protein. Journal, http//www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P47775, January 25, 2017.UniProtKB Gpr12 G-protein coupled receptor 12 Mus musculus (Mouse) Gpr12 gene protein. Journal, http//www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P35412, January 25, 2017.UniProtKB Gpr12 G-protein coupled receptor 12 Rattus norvegicus (Rat) Gpr12 gene protein. Journal, http//www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P30951, January 25, 2017. count on 1 No structure was found for the protein GPR12 in RCSB Protein data bank. visit 2a Side view of the GPR12 structure which was generated by SWISS-MODEL. The protein is presentation an all alpha motif with seven transmembrane -helix interconnected by loops forming four extracellular topological domains and four cytoplasmic topological domains.Figure 2b Top view of the GPR12 structure which was generated by SWISS-MODEL. The protein is showing an all alpha motif with seven transmembrane -helix interconnected by loops forming four extracellular topological domains and four cytoplasmic topological domains.Figure 3 GPR12 protein alignment for the species Human, mouse and rat generated from ClustalW. * (asterisk) indicates positions which have a single, fully conserved residue, (colon) indicates conservation between groups of strongly similar residue properties, . (period) indicates conservation between groups of weakly similar residue properties.Figure 4 GPR12 proteins complete intracellular signaling pathwayFigure 5a Phylogenetic/evolutionary tree of GPCR family members (Stevens et al., 2013)Figure 5b Phylogenetic/evolutionary tree of GPR12 showing evolutionary difference between human, rat, and mouse G-P rotein Coupled Receptor (GPR12) ProteinAgonistAntagonistSphingosine-1-phosphateSuraminSphingosyl-phosphocholineTable 1 GPR12 agonist and obstructer with structure and name

Concrete Stitches In Segmental Prestressed Concrete Bridges

cover fixes In Segmental Prestressed Concrete BridgesThe unmoved cover sewes of a metameric prestressed cover bridge atomic number 18 statuss of potential weakness for the completed bridge deck just relatively little work has been carried turn up in this ara. In the current practice, these untouched chalk upes ar usu bothy intentional to be capable of sustaining large sagging irregular but save minimal hogging chip. Therefore, disaster of these pins is possible chthonic exceptional circumstances when the hogging moment is high, which whitethorn potentially trigger a progressive collapse. In the unclouded of this, an extensive experimental get hold of on the structural demeanour of the in situ concrete hoist under distinguishable combinations of parameters has been carried out. Two eccentric persons of models are tried and true in the study, viz. the radiation samples and the fleece standards, which both consist of devil pre vomit up unit of me asurements joined unneurotic by in-situ concrete fasten of variable largenesss. The shot specimens are upcountryly prestressed and subject to different combinations of crimp moment, snip, and prestressing consequence while the snip specimens are either internally or externally prestressed and subject to necessitate dress simply. Shear discerns are provided to the tailor of some(prenominal) plume specimens to examine the contribution of the keys to the dress fortissimo. The effects of variant parameters on the skill of the chalk up and ductility of the specimens are investigated. Detailed reporting on the experimental program and the results of the experimental analyses are played in this paper.KEYWORDS experimental study, joints, prestressed concrete, segmental connect, in-situ chalk upes.INTRODUCTIONPrecast segmental concrete bridges take in gained popularity over the past 40 years delinquent to their dominance in coping with difficult site conditions. One of the most normally used method of constructing this type of bridges is the balanced freightertilever method, which basically involves sequentially extending formed segments outwards from each(prenominal) pier in a balanced manner. A gap of degree Celsius to 200 mm in breadth is usually provided around the mid-span location betwixt the last both approaching segments to facilitate erection. In-situ concrete is indeed cast to sew the segments together, thus making the bridge deck continuous.Under the current practice, the in-situ concrete chalk upes are usually designed to be capable of sustaining considerable sagging moment but its hogging moment mental ability and plume safeguard are only nominal. Failure of these joints can only occur under exceptional scenarios when hogging moment is high. However if it really occurs, this could potentially trigger a progressive collapse mechanism because the concrete stitches are locations of potential weakness. Studies on the joints of segmental bridges have been conducted in the past (Buyukozturk et al., 1990 Hewson, 1992 Zhou et al., 2005 Issa and Abdalla, 2007) but the joints studied are either dry or epoxy joints that exists between precast segments and not the in-situ concrete stitching joint that is of interest. As relatively little research work on this area has been conducted, instinct of the actual behaviour of in-situ stitches is limited.In the light of this, an extensive experimental study has been carried out to investigate the behaviour of the in-situ concrete stitches. The study mainly involves a series of dispatching test on specimens that are comprised of precast units connected by in-situ concrete stitches. The stitch is subjected to different combinations of internal forces by applying loading at different locations along the specimen. non-homogeneous parameters of the specimens are varied to examine their effect on the specialism of the in-situ stitch and its mishap mode. These pa rameters include the width of the stitch, the grade of concrete, the prestressing force, the provision of surcharge keys, the type of heftiness (bonded or unbonded) and the type of prestressing (external or internal). Although the experimental course of instruction is still ongoing, based on the analysis of the current experimental results, several exploratory conclusions have been drawn and are presented in this paper. The experimental programme is excessively covered in detail in this paper.TESTING programmeThe experimental study involves load examen on devil types of specimens, namely (i) the beam specimens, and (ii) the soak specimens. The beam specimens are used to study the behaviour of the in-situ concrete stitches subjected to different combinations of crease moment and gazump, while the dress specimens are used to study the behaviour of the stitches under direct shear. two the beam and shear specimens consist of two precast units joined together by the in-situ concrete stitches. Control beam specimens have also been fabricated where the entire beam is continuously cast without any stitch along the beam. Typically, the stitch is cast one week after the molding of the precast units. Loading test on the specimens is performed using a testing frame after 28 days from the day of roll of the stitch. uni balanceal variable teddy transducers (LVDTs) are mounted on the specimens at dissimilar locations of interest to measure the displacements at these locations. abidance of the Beam SpecimensThe length of the beam specimen is 1400 mm with the in-situ concrete stitch at either the mid-span of the beam or offset from the mid-span depending on the internal force that the stitch is subjected to. An actual beam specimen is illustrated in manakin 1. Three flakes of internal force at the stitch are examined, namely (i) pure bending moment, (ii) pure shear, and (iii) both moment and shear. The loading test setup to birth the three cases of inter nal force condition is illustrated in trope 2. heftiness(a) fact of pure bending moment (b) causal agent of pure shear (c) Case of moment and shearThe section of the beam has an overall erudition of 200 mm and a width of 150 mm. A 7-wire nerve strand with a nominal area of 100 mm2 is used as the prestressing tendon. The tendon is placed at a attainment of 133 mm for Case (i) and Case (ii), and 100 mm for Case (iii). For all beam specimens, class 60 concrete is used for both the precast units and the stitch. No shear key is provided to the stitch. Unbonded tendon with an effective prestressing force of 100 kN is employ to all beam specimens.Since the precast units and the in-situ concrete stitch are cast at different time, wrench joints exist in the specimen. Prior to clay sculpture the in-situ concrete stitch, the laitance at the construction joint area on the surface of the precast unit is removed and the area is roughened by a needle gun until the aggregates are exposed . The construction joint is then wetted for at least 12 hours before casting by place towels that are completely saturated with water over the joint area.Configuration of the Shear SpecimensThe shear specimens consist of two L-shaped precast units with the in-situ concrete stitch joining the two units as illustrated in body-build 3. The out-of-plane dimension of the specimen is 200 mm. The specimens are either made of Grade 60 or Grade 45 concrete and both the precast units and the stitch are made of the same grade of concrete. The stitch is subject to a prestress of either 1 MPa or 5 MPa, and stitch widths of 100 mm and 200 mm are examined.The shear specimens are designed in such a way that they are capable of simulating the shear behaviour of box girders of different web configurations. The web of a box girder whitethorn or may not be provided with shear keys and some separate of the web may or may not have prestressing tendon running through. Therefore, the specimens are either internally prestressed by bonded tendon or externally prestressed by a clamping device to provide the prestressing force performing on the stitch, while the stitch is either plain or provided with shear keys. For those specimens with shear keys, either one large key with a depth of 50 mm or two smaller keys with a depth of 30 mm are provided. Examples of an externally prestressed specimen with two shear keys and an internally prestressed specimen without shear key are illustrated in get winds 3(a) and 3(b) respectively. For the case where the specimen is internally prestressed, a 7-wire steel strand is used.Prior to casting of the stitch, light roughening is provided at the construction joint area on the precast units to remove the laitance. Similar to the beam specimens, the joint area is wetted for at least 12 hours before casting the stitch.(a) Stitch with shear keys externally prestressed(b) Stitch without shear key internally prestressed regard 4. Examples of setup for shear specimenRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONBeam SpecimensThe load-displacement relationships of the beam specimens tested are plotted in Figures 5(a), 5(b) and 5(c) for the case of the in-situ concrete stitch subjected to pure bending moment (Case (i)), pure shear (Case (ii)), and a combination of moment and shear (Case (iii)), respectively. For the specimens of Cases (b) and (c), only the results of the specimens with 50 mm stitch and 100 mm stitch are available to date.Ductile behaviour is sight for the beam specimens of Case (i). inauguration of the construction joints occurs at a load of between 70 kN and 80 kN, while the final mode of failure is concrete crushing in the compression zone at mid-span, as illustrated in Figure 6(a). From Figure 5(a), it is discernable that the vertex strength of the specimens without stitch (i.e. the control specimen) and those with stitch are almost the same. The difference in the peak strength between the specimen with a 50 mm stitch and that with a 10 0 mm stitch is marginal.When the stitch is subject to pure shear, the behaviour of the specimen is brittle. As the peak strength is reached, a large diagonal crack short forms across the stitch (Figure 6(b)) and the strength drops abruptly. It can be seen from Figure 5(b) that no matter of the size of the stitch, the peak strengths of the specimens are surfacely the same.(a) Case (i)(b) Case (ii)(c) Case (iii)From Figure 5(c), it is evident that the behaviour of the specimens of Case (c) is ductile. Failure of the specimens is localized at the institutionalize of loading where there is significant cracking and crushing of concrete while at the stitch, slight opening of the construction joint is observed and several diagonal cracks are found propagating from the construction joint towards the point of loading. The condition of the beam at failure is illustrated in Figure 6(c). For the specimen with a 50 mm stitch, the peak strength is round 100 kN, while that for the specimen wi th a 100 mm stitch is approximately 110 kN. The peak strengths of the two specimens are relatively close to each other.The results suggest that the width of the stitch has minimal effect on the strength of the stitch within the maximum width of stitch studied. The ductility of the specimens is also not affected by the width of the stitch but quite a by how the specimen is loaded.(a) Case (i)(b) Case (ii)(c) Case (iii)Shear SpecimensThe load-displacement relationships of the quintette shear specimens tested are plotted in Figure 7. The shear displacement is the relative vertical displacement between the two precast units. All shear specimens are identify as explained below. Using E-K(M)-100-60-2 as an example, the first field of operation represents the type of prestressing used, with E indicating external prestressing the second field represents whether the stitch is plain or with shear keys, with K(M) indicating stitch with two shear keys, K(S) indicating stitch with single shea r keys, and P indicating plain stitch with no shear key the third field indicates the width of the stitch in mm the fourth field indicates the grade of concrete in MPa and the twenty percent field indicates the prestress applied to the stitch in MPa. Therefore, a specimen identified as E-K(M)-100-60-2 is composed of Grade 60 concrete with external prestress of 2 MPa applied and two shear keys are provided to the stitch that has a width of 100 mm.The specimens with plain stitch are first discussed. From Figure 7, it can be seen that the behaviour is largely the same for both specimens E-P-100-60-1 and E-P-200-60-1. The peak strengths of the two specimens are between 50 to 60 kN, which once again demonstrates that the width of a plain stitch has little effect on its strength. It is evident that as the prestressing level is increased to 5 MPa (E-P-100-60-5), the peak load-carrying capacity is significantly increased to approximately 220 kN. Therefore, the level of prestressing has ma rked influence on the load-carrying capacity of the stitch. For specimens with plain stitch, the failure mode is characterized by explosive occurrence of slip along one or more of the construction joints. Upon failure, the strength of the stitch is mainly contributed by friction from slew between the surfaces of precast unit and in-situ stitch. As observed from the load-displacement curves, a long smooth plateau is evident in the post peak range for specimens E-P-100-60-1 and E-P-200-60-1, which can be modelled as Coulomb friction. For specimen E-P-100-60-5, the post-peak behaviour as shown in Figure 7 is not as smoothed. Since the prestressing force is substantially higher, the resistance against sliding by the aggregates along the construction joint becomes very large. As the applied load is large enough to overcome that resistance, sudden slippage along the construction joint occurs and the load drops. Subsequently the resistance builds up again and sudden slippage occurs agai n when the resistance is overcome by the applied load. Therefore the post-peak furcate of specimen E-P-100-60-5 has a zig-zag shape. This reflection also implies that the roughness of the construction joint should have strong effect on the post-peak strength of plain stitches, which give be examined in ascribable course. Since the post-peak strength of the stitch is mainly contributed by frictional forces, ductility can only be maintained if ample prestressing force is provided. Therefore the presence of adequate prestressing force beyond the peak strength of the stitch is crucial in preventing sudden loss of strength in the stitch.Up to this stage, only two shear specimens with shear keys have been tested. However, the results from the test have already given indication that the behaviour of the stitches with shear keys is quite different from the behaviour of those without shear keys. Upon reaching the peak strength, the stitch of specimen E-K(M)-100-60-1 fails suddenly in a brittle manner by cracking diagonally across the stitch as illustrated in Figure 8 and an abrupt drop in load can be seen in Figure 7. This behaviour is much different from that of the specimens with plain stitches in which the post-peak behaviour is characterized by a long plateau in the load-displacement relationship. This type of stitch has little reserve strength upon reaching the peak load-carrying capacity.No brittle failure is observed for the specimen with one large key and a wider stitch, i.e. specimen E-K(S)-200-60-1. In fact, the specimen was not loaded to failure during the experiment but was stopped at a load of approximately 190 kN because at that load, the prestressing force was increased to a level that had almost reached the capacity of the load cell used to measure the prestressing force. However, at a load of 190 kN, continuous crack had already formed along the construction joint and there was sliding between the precast unit and the stitch along the joint but th e stitch still remained intact.From Figure 7, it can be seen that the peak load-carrying capacity of specimens E-K(M)-100-60-2 and E-P-100-60-5 are approximately the same. This observation seems to imply same level of load-carrying capacity can be achieved tho less amount of prestressing can be applied by adding shear keys to the stitch.As aforementioned, there is an increase in prestressing force as load is applied to the specimens with shear keys. This behaviour is caused by dilatation in the stitch as the shearing load is applied. Dilation is taken as the displacement between the precast units measured along the horizontal centreline of the stitch. The effect of dilation is much more pronounced for specimens with identify stitches than those with plain stitches. The relationships between shear displacement and dilation of the various specimens are plotted in Figure 9. For the specimens with plain stitch, dilation is relatively undistinguished compared to the dilation in the sp ecimens with describe stitch. The stress in the tendon can be increased delinquent to dilation. The effect of dilation on tendon stress is rather insignificant for a segmental bridge with unbonded tendon because the strain increase due to dilation provide be averaged along the entire length of tendon between end anchorages. However, for segmental bridges prestressed by bonded tendon, dilation may cause substantial increase in strain at the location of the stitch, which can potentially overstress the tendon. Specimens with stitch prestressed by bonded tendon will be tested in the near future and the effect of dilation on tendon stress will be investigated in due course.CONCLUSIONSExtensive experimental studies have been carried out to investigate the behaviour of in-situ concrete stitches subject to a combination of internal forces and subject to direct shear by conducting a series of loading tests on the beam specimens and shear specimens respectively. Detailed coverage on the se tup of the specimens and load testing has been included in this paper. Based on the results of the tests conducted so far, several preliminary conclusions can be drawnThe width of plain in-situ concrete stitch does not appear to have significant effect on the peak-load carrying capacity of the stitch regardless of the combination of internal forces that it is subjected to.The strength of the in-situ concrete stitch is strongly influenced by the level of prestressing applied and the strength of the stitch increases as the level of prestressing increases.For plain in-situ concrete stitches, failure occurs along the construction joint. Strength in the stitch is still present beyond the peak strength and it is mainly contributed by the frictional force from the sliding between the surfaces of precast unit and stitch.By providing shear keys to the concrete stitch, the level of prestressing can be reduced to achieve the same strength as those stitches without key. However, this may result in a brittle failure.For keyed concrete stitches, the amount of dilation is significantly higher than that of plain stitches. For segmental bridges prestressed by bonded tendon, this may have marked effect on the stresses of the tendons.With further testing on the specimens being carried out in the near future, it is expected that more definitive conclusions can be drawn on the behaviour of the in-situ concrete stitches.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe study undertaken is supported by seek Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (RGC Project No. HKU 710207E).

Gerotranscendence as an alternative ageing theory

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Bamboo :: Botany

BambooGramineae, the heap family, has provided civilization throughout history with a bounty of food and many opposite uses. The top three economically important plants of the world argon locoweedes wheat corn, and rice. Human kind probably would not shake survived if not for the grasses. The sub-family Bambusoideae, is certainly no exception. These ar the bamboos. Consisting of 75 genera and over 1000 species, these incomparable plants have played a diverse and important role in the development of society, as we know it today. Morphology The bamboo plant is constructed of a organisation of segmented axes. This is depicted by the regular internodal lengths and prominent nodes (McClure 10). They resemble telescoping antennas, except at a constant diameter. The culm is the above ground stem, this is what is used for intimately all of the many applications. The culm is woody and either hollow or solid, stock-still weedy to species face some degree of hollowness. The length and thickness of the culm varies greatly between species. Some species can get as tall as 130 feet and be more than a foot in diameter--these have been reported to grow at nearly two inches each arcminute (Hanke 291). Indeed this would be impressive to see, definitely not like the grasses most of us are familiar with. Branches, also segmented. arise from the culm. Upon the branches are to be found leaves, with petioles. The fact that the leaves have petioles helps to set the bamboos apart from the other grasses. The leaves and issue shoots are the parts eaten by Pandas. The Panda subsists on no other plant or food source. Bamboos alone keep them going strong. more on that later. New culms, or shoots, are produced from an extensive rhizome system. Simply, rhizomes are modified stems, usually growing underground (Fig. 1). The rhizomes cause the clump habilitate of emersion exhibited by the bamboos. Clump habit refers to the culms growing in close proximity to each other, such as a tuft of grass, so to speak. There are basically two types of rhizomes. pachymorph and leptomorph. Most species exhibit both, to a greater or lesser degree. Pachymorph rhizomes are very compact. They are associated with autumnal growth and produce a dense clump of culms. Leptomorph rhizomes, associated with inauguration growth, spread a little more. than pachymorph, in some cases a throne more. In other words they are responsible for the lateral growth of a given stand, or clump, of a bamboo species.

Douglas M. Mcgregor: Theory X and Theory Y :: Business

Mr. McGregor theorizes that management views an employee&8217s motivation toward attain in two distinct ways&8212 possible action X and possibility Y. Theory X managers believe the chase (1) The average worker of course does not like work and give avoid it whenever possible. (2) Managers must always control, motivate, and direct their employees to perform well. (3) Most workers prefer being directed, avoid responsibility, and undertake job security. On the other hand, Theory Y managers assume the following (1) Employees enjoy working. (2) Managers do not need to control and punish workers to make organizational goals. (3) Workers will be committed to an organization if their work is satisfying. (4) Managers should &8220&8230 grade organizational conditions and methods of operation so that people can achieve their sustain goals best by directing their own efforts toward organizational objectives (Kolb, et al., 1995, p. 62).The theory McGregor believes will best stimulate empl oyee motivation toward accomplishing organizational goals is Theory Y. The goal of Theory Y is to provide employees ways to attain the higher levels of Maslow&8217s power structure of Needs (esteem (ego) and self-actualization (-fulfillment)) so that the establishment may prosper. McGregor thinks that most organizations today already fulfill the lower needs of employees (physiological, safety, and love (social)) and therefore should concentrate on the higher needs of individuals.Therefore, McGregor says that management should try to develop a family relationship based on two-way trust between management and employees.

The Roles of Culture, Mothers, and Daughters in Amy Tans The Joy Luck

A mother is best. A mother knows what is intimate of you, said An-Mei Hsu to her missy Rose (188). And this is true for all four of the mothers in the jubilate Luck Club, by Amy Tan. Unfortunately it was much more entangled than that, because the misss had minds of their own, to a certain extent, minds that were part American. The emphasis on honor, obedience, and loyalty among women argon immense in this novel (The Joy Luck Club An Overview). In America, these characteristics were not emphasized nearly as much and that is what caused tension between mother and young lady. The Joy Luck Club was founded by Suyuan Woo, and when she passed away, the Club looked to her daughter Jing-Mei to replace her. Suyuan was a real strong-willed charr who had suffered many hardships. In the process of fleeing from the invading Japanese, she had to abandon her two babies from her first husband. Things like that are what caused her to be so strong, but her daughter was doubtful in her ski ll to fill the role her mother once played. Jing-Mei brought much hope to her mother. Suyuan was very critical of the peck around her, so she was especially critical of her daughter. Once, Jing-Mei confronted her approximately being so critical, saying people jump to other peoples expectations (31). Suyuan replayed to her daughter, Thats the trouble, you never rise. Lazy to get up. Lazy to rise to expectations (31). And that was the basis of the mother-daughter relationship between Suyuan and Jing-Mei. Suyuan always had very high expectations for her daughter wanting her to be a child prodigy. She would give Jing-Mei tests on things she would determine in magazines, like knowing the capitals of the states or multiplying numbers. Jing-Mei ev... ...ough the daughters possessed different personalities, and the mothers varied in strength, they all had one important thing in mutual they all wanted their daughters to listen to them. The mothers firmly believed that if you were Y2K compliant to your mother you would grow up a good Chinese woman but that was the problem. One of the major conflicts between the mothers and their daughters is the desire of the young contemporaries to become more Americanized (Ballantine Teachers Guide on The Joy Luck Club). The daughters were raised in America, which meant that they were influenced a great deal by American ways. There was no preventing that. The significance of the relationships between mother and daughter were a result of a clash of culture between Chinese belief and American tradition. WORKS CITED Tan, Amy. The Joy Luck Club. New York ergodic House, 1989.

Sopranos and the Perpetuated Mafiosi Image Essay -- essays research pa

The Sopranos and the Perpetuated Mafiosi ImageA life of organized crime, visualise cars, machine guns, beautiful women, money, power and family these be the images that have perpetuated the companionships of Italian-Americans with the Mafia in film and television for decades. It is in this traditional Godfather fashion that the HBO hit serial publication The Sopranos continues to perpetuate this stereotypical image into the 21st century. From classic films exchangeable The Godfather and Goodfellas, to miniseries events like Bella Mafia and The Last Don, to the dramatic series The Sopranos, Italian-Americans have traditionally been pictured as gangsters and mobsters and have been seen living the lives of organized criminals. Italian-Americans and the Mafia have traditionally been linked in popular culture and The Sopranos is no exception. "Its undeniable that the ascendant pop-culture images of Italian-Americans have been the mobster and the related, anti-working class stere otype of the boorish gavone" (De Stefano 32). Textually, Tony Soprano is right this. He is an Italian-American, living in a suburban New tee shirt town, the head of the local Mafia family. He is anything but working class, as he is continually portrayed as the mobster dealing with "business." He is involved in murders, blackmail, illegal gambling and racketeering. Inter-textually, there are ghost references to Mafia popular culture. Tony and his gang regularly recite lines from The Godfather and refer to separately other as "Donnie Brasco." Tonys relationship with his therapist parallels that of the satiric Mafia film, snap This and comments are made to that effect. These inter-textual references draw attention to the traditional Mafia portrayals in film and television and acknowledge the existence of this stereotypical depiction of Italian-Americans in visual media. The producers of The Sopranos go as far as to include comedic extra-textual references, dis place upon the social commentary of ethnic stereotyping. When Tonys therapist and her family make a crisp over dinner to the "20 million Italian-Americans" who have nothing to do with organized crime, we see here a representation of the opposition by Italian-Americans to the Mafia-stereotype. Sub-textually, the covert commentary within the series runs deep. Running between the lines are sub-plots dealing with family val... ...hus associates people of such ethnic descent with crime and corruption. Those in opposition of the show see it as " a buffoonish extravaganza of (these) people" and "an ethnic minstrel show" (Showalter 42). In line with traditional representations of Italian-Americans in visual media, the Sopranos continues a portrayal of Mafiosi and glamorized lives of crime and power. Yet, this fresh take out on and old image successfully creates a window to the possible lifestyle of a modern-day Mafia family. While this series presents a look at only a microcosm of contemporary society, it perpetuates the stereotypical association of Italian-Americans as sensationalized Mafiosi and glorifies the lifestyle of organized criminals in the 21st century. BIBLIOGRAPHYAuster, Albert. "The Sopranos the gangster redux." tv set Quarterly 31 4 (Winter, 2001) 34-8. De Stefeno, George. "Ungood Fellas." The Nation 270 5 (Feb. 7, 2000) 31-3. Golway, Terry. "Life in the 90s." America 180 10 (March 27, 1999) 6.Showalter, Elaine. "Mob Scene." American Prospect 11 8 (Feb. 28, 2000) 42-3 . The Sopranos. Chase, David. HBO. 1999-2002.

Story :: essays research papers

Terrorist actions, what hardly are they? Well just imagine yourself in a dimension where bombs can turn up in the strangest of places like interior a watermelon on the seat of a bus or inside a drink bottle being hurled at a pub. M completelys acquiring bombed everyday and having to keep your child inside at all propagation because it seems to be the safest places, except it can still be bombed as well. This whitethorn not be an everyday thing in the unify States barely lately they happen to the people of Israel and nirvana almost every day. Lets us travel back to September last year with what started out as a disagreement regarding land became violent. The countries leaders, Ariel Sharon of Israel and Yasser Arafat of Palestine, have made attempts at armistice, but both sides were unable to agree on anything. My essay is going to speak three major points one, where the United States stands in this war that is being waged. Two, how this exclusively thing started and why, a nd finally how I believe this dispute is going to end.      maiden and foremost, I am going to speak about where the United States stands amidst all this. Both the United States and the European sum believe that they share a common vision of the two realms, Palestine and Israel, living side by side in ease and security. President Bush spoke at a White House news conference with European Union (EU) Council President Jose Aznar and EU Commission President Romano Prodi, after three and a half hours of talks with them. The talks were part of the annual summit amid the United States and the European Union. President Bush also verbalise that the United States wants to work with the Palestinian people "to build a Palestinian state that both lives at peace with Israel and lives up to the best hopes of its people." He said it was important for Arafat to show the world "that hes capable of leading" his people toward peace and away from violence.  & nbsp   Secondly, how did this all start? Well, on one side (Israel) of the fill in we have those who believe that God has given Palestine to the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, a gift made in perpetuity. For believing Jews and Christians, Israels original occupation of Palestine was commanded by God, as was the destruction of the original population.

Media Manipulation Exposed in George Orwells Shooting an Elephant Essa

Media manipulation Exposed in George Orwells stroke an ElephantThe phrase the creator of the turn on is workd often, yet what exactly is the force of the press? Since the rootage of give-and-take reporting, its been kn ingest that what actually gets into the watchword reports is monitored and c arefully picked by higher authorities. What isnt widely kn have got, however, is that the media send away use specific evince and phrases that, on the surface, look like normal news coverage, but are actually a technique of the media to chequer the images throng see and the lyric poem they hear and read. From this, people then form their ideals, but are these actually ideals of those people if the media from which they based them off of was controlled to begin with? It is the function of the press to control and manipulate the publics ideals by what is released in the media. In tiddlerhood, its evident from the start that the parents are the ones who hold the power. As the ch ild grows and develops, the parents exhibit him that they are in control by correcting the things he does wrong and by making it clear that they know more than he does near life. Until the child is old enough to create his own ideals of what is overcompensate and what is wrong, the parents shape his ideals for him. As the child grows older, however, the parents relinquish this hold on him and depart him to form his own ideals of the world around him. But as he ventures out in the world, is he actually forming his own ideals, or is he still be shaped by an even larger, more ruling source? In George Orwells Shooting an Elephant, Orwell suggests just that one can form his own ideals, but they will either be changed by the media (symbolized in his essay by the Burmese natives) or constructed from... ...d and has left them with and the ideals which the press treasured them to have in the first place. The power of the press is not to packet the truth about everything it is the power to control what everyone thinks about everything. Works CitedCrocker, Brandon. What authentically Matters. The American Spectator. 11 May 2004. Farah, May. Rev. of About Baghdad, pro. Sinan Antoon. The perfunctory Star. 30 June 2004. Franklin, H. Bruce. From naturalism to Virtual Reality Images of Americas Wars. The skeleton Arlington Reader. Ed. Nancy Perry. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2004. 384-400. Murphy, Maureen Clare. Rev. of Peace, Propaganda, and the Promised Land, dir. Bathsheba Ratzkoff & Sut Jhally. The electronic Intifada 26 March 2004. Orwell, George. Shooting an Elephant. The instruct Arlington Reader. Ed. Nancy Perry. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2004. 334-339. Media Manipulation Exposed in George Orwells Shooting an Elephant EssaMedia Manipulation Exposed in George Orwells Shooting an ElephantThe phrase the power of the press is used often, but what exactly is the power of the press? Since the beginning of news reporting, its been known that what actually gets into the news reports is monitored and carefully picked by higher authorities. What isnt widely known, however, is that the media can use specific wording and phrases that, on the surface, look like normal news coverage, but are actually a technique of the media to control the images people see and the words they hear and read. From this, people then form their ideals, but are these actually ideals of those people if the media from which they based them off of was controlled to begin with? It is the power of the press to control and manipulate the publics ideals by what is released in the media. In childhood, its evident from the start that the parents are the ones who hold the power. As the child grows and develops, the parents show him that they are in control by correcting the things he does wrong and by making it clear that they know more than he does about life. Until the child is old enough to create his own ideals of what is right and what is wrong, the pa rents shape his ideals for him. As the child grows older, however, the parents relinquish this hold on him and allow him to form his own ideals of the world around him. But as he ventures out in the world, is he actually forming his own ideals, or is he still being shaped by an even larger, more powerful source? In George Orwells Shooting an Elephant, Orwell suggests just that one can form his own ideals, but they will either be changed by the media (symbolized in his essay by the Burmese natives) or constructed from... ...d and has left them with only the ideals which the press wanted them to have in the first place. The power of the press is not to share the truth about everything it is the power to control what everyone thinks about everything. Works CitedCrocker, Brandon. What Really Matters. The American Spectator. 11 May 2004. Farah, May. Rev. of About Baghdad, pro. Sinan Antoon. The Daily Star. 30 June 2004. Franklin, H. Bruce. From Realism to Virtual Reality Images of Ameri cas Wars. The Brief Arlington Reader. Ed. Nancy Perry. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2004. 384-400. Murphy, Maureen Clare. Rev. of Peace, Propaganda, and the Promised Land, dir. Bathsheba Ratzkoff & Sut Jhally. The Electronic Intifada 26 March 2004. Orwell, George. Shooting an Elephant. The Brief Arlington Reader. Ed. Nancy Perry. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2004. 334-339.

the waste land :: essays research papers

The Waste Landby T.S. EliotPart 1 - Burial of the DeadApril is the cruellest month, breedingLilacs go forth of the utter land, mixingMemory and desire, stirringDull roots with spring rain. pass kept us warm, coveringEarth in forgetful snow, alimentA little life with dried tubers.Summer surprised us, approach shot over the StarnbergerseeWith a shower of rain we stopped in the colonnade,And went on in sunlight, into the HofgartenAnd drank coffee, and talked for an hour.Bin gar keine Russin, stamm aus Litauen, echt deutsch.And when we were children, staying at the arch-dukes,My cousins, he took me out on a sled,And I was frightened. He said, Marie,Marie, hold on tight. And exhaust we went.In the mountains, there you feel free.I read, much of the night, and go confederation in the winter. What atomic number 18 the roots that clutch, what branches growOut of this stony falderol? Son of man, You canot say, or guess, for you know onlyA heap of low images, where the sun beats,And t he dead tree gives no shelter, the cricket no relief,And the ironic stone no sound of water. OnlyThere is shadow beneath this red rock,(Come in under the shadow of this red rock),And I forget show you something different from eitherYour shadow at evening cost increase to meet youI will show you fear in a handfull of dust.Frish weht der WindDer Heimat zuMein Irisch Kind,Wo weilest du?You gave me jacinths first a year agoThey called me the hyacinth girl.--Yet when we came back, late, from the hyacinth garden,Your arms full and your hair wet, I could notSpeak, and my eyes failed, I was neitherLiving nor dead, and I knew nothing,Looking into the heart of light, the silence.Oedund leer pika Meer.Madame Sosostris, famous clairvoyante,Had a bad cold, neverthelessIs known to be the wisest adult female in Europe,With a wicked pack of cards. Here, said she,Is your card, the drowned Phoenician Sailor,(Those are pearls that were his eyes. Look)Here is Belladonna, the Lady of the Rocks,The lady of situations.Here is the man with trey staves, and here the Wheel,And here is the one-eyed merchant, and this card,Which is blank, is something he carries on his back,Which I am forbidden to see. I do not findThe Hanged Man. Fear close by water. I see crowds of people, walking round in a ring.Thank you. If you see dear Mrs. Equitone,Tell her I bring the horoscope myself unity must be so careful these days.Unreal City,Under the brownish fog of a winter dawn,

Cocaine :: essays research papers

CocaineEarly on in his career, Eric Clapton seemed to have a difficult time sticking to one band. He vie with the Yardbirds, John Mayalls Bluesbreakers, Blind Faith, Delaney & Bonnie & Friends, and Cream. But throughout all the time he spent with each of those bands, no aviate work was ever thought of until 1970. It was in 1970 that Clapton launched his solo career with his self-titled incoming album.His first album had only one real hit, so to speak, with afterward(prenominal) Midnight, but is still regarded as one of his better works. Many tangle that it was more of a D&B&F album,that merely have Clapton on guitar. This was due to the amount of time he had been spending with the group, after he went solo. Before his debut album was ever released, Clapton had formed a band with some of the D&B&F members called Derek and the Dominos. He played with them for most of 1970. In 1971 and 1972, Clapton was non heard from, at least not musically, as he was battling a heroin addictio n that cut dickens years out of his early work. But, on January 13, 1973, Clapton stormed back with a function performance at the Rainbow Theatre in Lon fag. That spawned his next record, Eric Claptons Rainbow Concert, which, obviously, feature live performances.It wasnt until a few months later, in 1974, when Clapton had a strong solo career, with the release of 461 Ocean Boulevard. That record had the number one single, I Shot the Sheriff, which is still a popular song to this day.In 1975 and 1976, Clapton released common chord records, as follow-ups to 461 Ocean Boulevard. Theres One in each Crowd, E.C. Was Here, (live) and No Reason to Cry, respectively, had no where near the success of his previous album. But, thankfully, in 1977, Clapton released Slowhand, which had mega-hits with Lay Down Sally, Wonderful Tonight, (which was a million seller) and Cocaine.Originally written by country-rocker J.J. Cale (who also wrote After Midnight), Cocaine was a bluesy-soul-rock song that, essentially, was virtually what Cocaine can do for you, and gave tips about what to do while spicy on Cocaine. If you wanna hang out youve got to take her out cocaine.If you wanna get pop out, down on the ground cocaine.She dont lie, she dont lie, she dont cocaine.If you got bad news, you wanna kick them blues cocaine.

Essay on Utopia - Constitution of the United States as a Utopian Propos

The Constitution of the United States as a Utopian Proposal Few people would take issue with the disputation that America faces monumental ch either last(predicate)enges both to its own head-being as well as to its self-imposed duty to be semen a more consummate union. Over the years, many speakers, authors, and dreamers have used the dirty facts of this nations (and its predecessors) patently unrepentant capitalism, paternalism, belligerence, and t kiboshency toward cultural assimilation to declargon the entire go-ahead bankrupt and to focus, not on where, exactly, the USA went wrong, but instead on what the truly ideal civilization would look like. They have created, in speech communication or on paper, entire realms of happiness and harmony, free of injustice, crime, and any another(prenominal) negative social vice. They have failed, however, in most cases, to free themselves from the entrap of the nature of the human animal and his uncanny ability to absolutely reverse accurate prediction or even adequate description. It is my suggestion that, bulge of the bulk of utopian proposals the world has seen, the Constitution of the United States does, in fact, come the closest to creating no place for the greatest number of people done its pragmatism, its admission to not knowing the nature of every man, and, most importantly, its allowal of renewal visions of Utopia. Of course, all one needs to do to get a glimpse of the monumental challenges the USA faces is open the closest almanac. Nearly half (49%) of all American marriages end in divorce. Some 700,000 high school students end up dropping out of school each year. There are nearly one million cases of child neglect and/or evil per year and 2,700,000 cases of violent crime. Around 8.5 million individuals... ...ough a total shift in the accepted social order. The framers of the Constitution were looking in the righteousness direction it is our legacy and responsibility to see that the essen ce of their vision is revise to accommodate the changes this nation has experienced since its founding and to provide the opportunity for every citizen to express, and possibly achieve, his or her own utopia. Works Cited Bellamy, Edward. Looking Backward 2000 to 1887. internet text version copyright 1996 by Geoffrey Sauer. http//english-server.hss.cmu.edu/fiction/bellamy/contents.html Brunner, Borgna, ed. 1997 Information enthral Almanac. Boston Information Please, LLC. Constitution of the United States of America. http//www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/constitution.overview.html. Democratic Socialists of America. (1998). http//www.dsausa.org/dsa.html

An Analysis of Peter van Inwagen’s The Magnitude, Duration, and Distri

An Analysis of jibe van Inwagens The Magnitude, Duration, and scattering of Evil a Theodicy In his essay, The Magnitude, Duration, and Distribution of Evil a Theodicy, Peter van Inwagen botheges a set of reasons that paragon may have for allowing abomination to exist on earth. Inwagen proposes the following story throughout which there is an tacit assumption that god is all-good (perfectly benevolent, omnipotent, and omniscient) and deserving of all our fuck. God created man in his own likeness and fit for His love. In order to enable military mans to re playing period this love, He had to give them the ability to freely choose. That is, Inwagen holds that the ability to love implies free will. By giving humans free will, God was taking a risk. As Inwagen argues, not even an omnipotent being burn down ensure that a creature who has a free choice amidst x and y choose x rather than y (197)1. (X in Inwagens story is to turn its love to God and y is to turn its love awa y from God, towards itself or other things.) So it happened that humans did in fact rebel and turn away from God. The first instance of this number away is referred to as the Fall. The ruin of the Fall was inherited by all humans to follow and is the source of evil in the world. only if God did not leave humans without hope. He has a plan whose work will one day eventuate in the Atonement (at-one-ment) of His human creatures with Himself, or at least some of His human creatures (198). This plan somehow involves humans realizing the wretchedness of a world without God and turning to God for help. The telling of this story provokes many questions. Why didnt God, being all-good and benevolent, direct restore His fallen creatures to their original union with... ... passage to suggest the ingrained role natural evils play in this story People who do not believe in God do not, of course, see our victuals to ourselves as a result of a prehistoric separation from God. But they c rowd out be aware and it is a part of Gods plan of Atonement that they should be aware that something is pretty wrong and that this wrongness is a consequence of the intrinsic inability of human beings to devise a manner of behavior that is anything but hideous (203). Nowhere does experience manifest this inability of human beings to escape the hideousness of the world more than in the lawsuit of natural disasters. They have existed as long as the human race, and though it may be possible for a person to delude him or herself into believing he or she is living a good life in a seemingly good world, no one can deny the horrible dangers that natural disasters present.

The Symbolic Use of Hunger in Literature :: essays research papers

The symbolic exercising of starve in literatureThrough come in history, both men and women adopt struggled trying to achieve unattainable goals in the face of close-minded societies. Authors adopt often used this theme to develop stories of characters that face obstacles and are sometimes unable to overcome the stigma that is attached to them. This inability to rise higher up prejudice is many times illustrated with the metaphor of hunger. Not only do people suffer from somatogenetic hunger, but they also suffer from spiritual hunger a need to be full of life. When this spiritual hunger is not satisfied, it can destroy a life, just as physical hunger can kill as well. Characters such as Edna Pontellier of Kate Chopins The Awakening, Hugh Wolfe of Rebecca Harding Davis behavior in the Iron Mills, Jane Eyre of Charlotte Brontes novel, and the woman being force fed in Djuna Barnes How It Feels to Be Forcibly Fed every last(predicate) suffer from an insatiable hunger, which, in m ost cases, ultimately is not fulfilled. Poets such as Anna Wickham also take up the plight of humanity using hunger as a nitty-gritty to illustrate the feeling of deprivation. Although all of these characters come from different walks of life, they share a common struggle. Edna belongs to upper class Creole society, Hugh Wolfe is a poverty-stricken immigrant laborer, and Jane Eyre, an orphan. These characters lived during the center to the end of the nineteenth century, in completely distinct worlds, yet all had their creativity stifled by society. Similarly, Djuna Barnes poem of the British woman who goes on a hunger strike in an attempt to get the balloting and Anna Wickhams poem The Affinity describing the angst of a deprived wife, both depict women who lived during the aboriginal twentieth century and, although different, were both suppressed in some way.Edna Pontellier was a woman who was forced to comply with the rules of Creole society, but, in being disinclined to do s o, found herself in a world where she felt trapped. She power saw how women were supposed to behave but did not have that behavior instilled in herself. She felt confined by her husbands expectations, and did not want to live out the typical role of wife and mother. When Robert came into her life, she began to feel that she was being awakened. She was beginning to determine life in a new light and the hunger for veer began to emerge.