Professional and the Ethical Issues

Question: Describe about the Professional and the ethical issues in the information systems? Answer: Abstract The purpose of this assignment is to discuss about the duties of the manager and the controller so that it can ensure the user by abiding the professional, legal and the ethical codes and the regulations through which the information is stored and processed. This report contains the critical analysis of the entire ethical, professional and the legal issues and also how the manager plays the suitable role to avoid these types of the issues. 1. Introduction Information systems raise the new and often-perplexing ethical issues. This becomes more exact on today that because of the challenges which are imposed by the internet to the protection of the intellectual and the privacy of the internet. The process to keep records and also to safeguard the data and the information it involves the consideration of the external constraints, legal requirements and the ethical standards. There is another strategic framework which allows the individuals and the organizations to make sure that both the personal and the professional data of the personnel are stored and handled securely, effectively, legally and efficiently so that it can offer the best probable care. The ethical issues in the information systems are given the new importance with the rise of the electronic commerce and the internet. Digital firm and the ethical technologies create it easier than to integrate, distribute and assemble the information. The other ethical issue which is raised by the information systems includes the setting of the standards to safeguard the system and also the way in the information is processed and stored. In this assignment it is discussed the whole about how the managers and the controllers of the information systems ensure the users which are abide by the professional, legal and the ethical regulation and the codes through which the information is processed and stored. Under the legal and the legislative considerations of storing the data and the information includes under the following headings: National legislation The constitution International legal consideration 2. Critical analysis In the critical analysis it discusses the ethical, legal and the professional codes and the regulations of the process of the information stored. The legal, ethical and the professional issues are closely linked with each other. Under the legal roles of the manager in the processing of the information includes the some of the points which are described below: Privacy It is a common issues for the both internal and the external implications. All the organization collects both the personal and the professional data of the employees. Information such as return and the background and the personal ID information such as account number, social security number, it needs to maintain and access by the authorizing human resources. Systems track this type of data so that it can be secured and also in the some end data must depart from those systems and also be used (Yao-Huai, 2005). Organizations regularly share this type of data with the others through merging the databases which contains all the identifiers (Thuraisingham, 2005). Ownership Knowledge, information and the skills which are develop in the way of working on the projects which can be entangled. In the ownership it also belongs the types of the information belongs to the any of the organization and also what is the simple part of the general knowledge of the employees. The new systems which are built are become completely revolutionary in the design and the execution. In the data ownership it refers the both the responsibility and the possession of the data and the information. By getting the ownership of the data and the information it gets the capability to create, modify, derive and access the both data and the information. Some of the importances of the data ownership are listed below: Alternative analysis to get the improve results Reanalysis to do the verification of the reported results Analysis of the data to check whether the result varying the assumption are robust Some of the issues which are related to the data ownership includes: data ownership policies, data hoarding, paradigm of the ownership and the balances of the technologies and the obligation. Under the paradigm of the ownership it includes the creator, consumer, compiler, enterprise, funder, and decoder, reader as owner, subject as owner and the purchaser as owner. Under the data hoarding it includes the some of the points which are given below: Documenting of the data which can become more time consuming and also costly. Confidentiality of the data and the information. Personal motives to hold back the data. To get concern about the qualification and the other requirements of the data requester. Security, proprietary and the economic concern Technical obstacles in sharing the readable data of the computer, To provide all the materials which are needed to understand and also to get the proper ideas or to extend the research. There are some of the listed scenarios where the data ownership policies are established: Between the industry and the academic institution. Between the journals and the authors. Between the researcher employees and the academic institution. Collaboration between the colleagues of the research. Some of the advancement in the technologies enables the investigator to explore the new ideas of the research, use of the data and also to enhance the productivity of the data. This mentioned data ownership issues serves some of the highly potential challenges to preserve the data integrity (Thuraisingham, 2005). Control The manager needs to monitor that what the employees are doing and also how the technology are used to achieve the purpose of the work for which the whole work is going to be done. Many of the organization manager also started in adding the credit and the background of the check in which the standard reference verify all the data and the information regarding the personnel during the hiring process. Performing these types of the check is the relatively brought in the part with the help of the desire of the organizations so that it protects the data and the information through which the numerous scandals are avoided. Accuracy Accuracy is the fundamental issues of the data. Accuracy is the closeness of the results of the observation. Basically two different types of the data accuracy exist. One is positional accuracy and the other is attribute accuracy. Under the positional accuracy it includes the expected deviance of the geographic location of the object from the true ground position. In the positive accuracy there are two components. These are absolute accuracy and relative accuracy. Absolute accuracy deals with the accuracy of the data components with the respect of the data concern. On the other side the relative accuracy is greater concern of the absolute accuracy. Attribute accuracy is also given the equal concern as the positional accuracy. In attribute accuracy it reflects the estimation of the truth, depiction and the interpretation of the boundaries. In the attribute accuracy the quality components apprehension the identification of the level of purity, reliability in the selected data set. Accuracy is also comes under the legal issues of the manager. The effective decision making is also based on the accuracy of the information and the control of the quality of the information also comes under this so that it can maintain the productivity of the information. As the complex interactions between the larger databases and the systems have been created which downstream the consequences of the errors has become more hugely magnified. So the growing trust on the highly distributed systems increases the potential, error and the cost. Security The internet technology presents the manager with the whole new set of the security measures. The network can be breached, the personal information can be compromised, critical confidential information and other personal financial information which can be stolen from the online systems and also the websites have been locked (Tunia, 2012). Ethics are the issues of the principles for doing the wrong and the right of the individuals, to make the choices so that it can guide the behaviors of the individuals, to act as free moral agents. Through the information systems it raises some of the new ethical questions which are related to both the society and the individuals so that it can create the new opportunities of the social change, obligations and the rights. As like other technologies such as electricity, radios and telephones, information system, steam engines are used to achieve the progress on the social ground but it can be used to threaten the social values and to commit the crimes. If the information system is developed it will produce the some of the benefits and the cost of the others (Tankard, 2012). The other ethical issues are the rise of the electronic commerce and the internet which is given the new urgency. The use of the internet and the new digital technologies made it much easier for the organization to integrate, assemble and distribute the new information which becomes the concern about the customers personal privacy, customer information and also the customers intellectual property. The other ethical issues includes the establishment of the accountability for the consequences of the information system, preserving the values and also setting the standards of the safeguard system so that it can protects the privacy and the safety of the individuals and the society (von Siebenthal, 1999). Some of the o acts which are related to the ethical issues of the information systems are listed below: Computer Misuse Act, 1990- It is the one of the act of the United Kingdom Parliament. In this act it includes the three of the criminal offences in which the first is the unauthorized access of the computer materials which is actually punishable by the 6 months, the second is the unauthorized access of the computer with the intention of committing or facilitate the commission for the further use and in the third or last it is of doing the unauthorized modification of the materials of the computer. Data Protection Directive In this directive of the data protection it includes the seven principles for protecting the personal data which are notice- in it the data subjects needs to be given notice when the data are collected. Purpose- in it tells that the data are only used for the mentioned purposes not for the other purposes. Consent- Data is not to be disclosed without having the consent of the data subjects. Security- data needs to be kept secured from any of the misuses and the abuses. Disclosure- the subjects of the data needs to be informed as who is doing the collection of the data. Access- the subjects of the data needs to be allowed to access the data and also doing some of the correction of the inaccurate data. Accountability- the data subjects needs to have the methods so that it becomes available in holding the data collectors accountable. Freedom of Information Act, 2000- in this act it creates the freedom for the public to have the right of access of the information held by the authorities. It creates the legal right for doing the access of the information. The three different types of the bodies which are covered by the act are public authorities, designated bodies which are performing the public purpose and also the openly owned companies. Some of the ethical roles of a manager are classified in a board way which is discussed below: Ethical framework of decision making ethical problems of decision making for the leaders and the manager arise when they needs to take the decision which involve the moral conflict which is the situation through which the person must needs to choose at least the two equal bad choices, some of the conflict with each other and also when there are the availability of the numbers of the ethical considerations (Sque, Walker and Long-Sutehall, 2014). In such situation, which are more common in the business is that the manager has to that much of the ability to think through the ethical implications and the consequences of the decision thoroughly so that it becomes the best suitable decision which can be made from the given constraints, ethical consideration and the implication (von Siebenthal, 1999). Ethical leadership In the context of ethical role of the manager, leadership is also considering as one of the important quality, which needs to be assessed. Various studies show that ethical leadership is the combination of being a moral manager as well as also the moral person. Now, to being a moral person there is requiring following certain important aspects such as, trustworthiness, integrity and honesty. In order to follow ethical leadership approach individual manager needs to be followed the below mentioned attributes: Face the complexity of the data which are involved in making the ethical choices: by doing the openly discuss of the ethical areas and also the acknowledgement of the complexity of the data. It also involves the others in taking the decision related to the ethical issues. To become a leader who helps the others to learn to take the more responsibilities for making the ethical decision carefully. Dont take apart ethics from the day-to- day business: Leader always needs to make it clear to the employees that the ethics is not the training program. All the activities whether it is client meeting, training program or the improvement management of the top strategies should also comprise the conversation about the ethics. Dont let the negative interpersonal behaviors to erode the trust: to become an ethical leader it needs to expect and practices the interpersonal behavior of the leader. It needs to cultivate the respectful environment through which the person can speak about the ethics and also share the responsibility of the living. Dont think about the ethics which just follows the regulations and the laws: leader needs to take some of the action and also needs to show the stakeholders and the consumers so that it can actively engage the ethical issues of the matter. They must need to prove so that they can commit to the ethical issues regarding the social rights, sustainability and the human rights. Celebration of the positive ethical moments: to be a proactive ethical leader, manager should talk about the positive ethics which looks like in practices as often as they talk about what needs to avoid. It takes time to celebrate the positive types of the ethical choices. Talk about the ethics as the ongoing learning journey: integrate the ethics in the every action of the organization which says everything people do, influence or touch. It needs to recognize that the world is changing constantly and the ethical conduct requires that everyone needs to remain attentive. In the combination of these traits and being a moral person involves the behavior of being open, doing the right things, concern for the people and also the standards of the personal reliability. When some of the decision involving the ethical consideration needs to be made the person with the moral values sticks to the core values, exhibits the concern of the society and the welfare, tries to be fair and objectives and also follows some of the ethical decision making rules (What Is the Ethical Role of the Expert?, 2010). Development of the morality The framework of the ethical decision making for the manager lies on the basis of the reasoning by using the justice, utility, care and the rights. It presupposes to facilitate the decision maker on the basis of the managerial role and also have the capacity to do the reasoning from the decision to make the ethical decision. Reasoning on the basis of the moral decision is relatively on the basis of the post conventional or the high level skills. Some of the desired are laid out in the organization which helps the manager in doing the decision-making roles are codes of conduct which are developed internally and also anticipated to provide the guidance for the manager in confronting the moral conflicts and the ethical issues and the other is ethics and manager of the organization which includes the creating of the shaped vision, purpose and the sense of the meaning which connects the employees of the organization (Small et al., 2012). Under the professional codes and the regulation of the manager it includes the some of the points which are given below (New codes of professional conduct come into effect, 2012): Perform of the duties with the objectives due to the professional and the intelligence care so that it can prevent the professional standards. It needs to maintain the confidentiality and the privacy of the information so that it can maintain the course of the activities unless the disclosure of the activities if it is required by the legal authority (Sueyoshi and Goto, 2012). It also requires maintaining the competency in the respective fields and also needs to agree to assume only the activities which can reasonably anticipate completing with the help of the necessary knowledge, competence and skills. Inform to the appropriate parties with the results of the work which is performed including with the disclosure of the important facts which are not known to them and may deform the reporting of the result. To give the support of the professional education of the stakeholders to enhance the understanding of the management and the governance of the technology and the information system of the enterprise which includes risk management, audit, security and control (Walsh, 2012). 3. Findings and conclusion After doing the thoroughly evaluation of the above study which is related to the duty of the manager and the controller of the information system to ensure the users by the legal, professional and the ethical regulation and the codes through which the information is stored and processed. Some of the findings are given below: Under the legal roles of the manager of processing and to store the data and the information it includes the ownership, control, privacy, security and the accuracy of the data and the information which are processed and then stored. Under the ethical roles of the manager it includes the leadership of the manager which is based on the ethics, development of the morality on the basis of the ethics and the making of the decision which are based on the ethical issues. Under the professional regulation of the manager it includes some of the professional roles which the manager of the information technology needs to follow and also needs to maintain. Under the professional codes the manager needs to maintain some of the duties with the objectives based on the professional and the intelligence care to prevent the professional standards. In the professional codes it includes the management of the privacy and the confidentiality of the information and also to inform the appropriate parties and the disclosure of the information which is not known to them. To conclude the above findings and also the above study this is related to the ethical, legal and the professional regulation and the codes of the manager. Under the legal roles of the manager it tells about the control, security, privacy and the accuracy of the data and the information which is needs to be done in a proper way so that any one cannot do any type of the misuse and miss interpretation of the data and the information which are stored and also needs to processed for any of the legal purpose of the organization. According to the ethical roles and the responsibilities of the manager it discuss about the development of the morality of the manager which is mainly on the basis of decision making and also on the basis of the ethics. Under the professional regulation and roles of the manager it needs to follow some of the duties which are based on the intelligence and the professional objectives so that it becomes easy to maintain the confidentiality of the information. References Atkinson, I. (2012). Accuracy of data transfer: double data entry and estimating levels of error. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21(19pt20), pp.2730-2735. 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